Whispers Of Soul: Jkbose class 10th english notes 2021

Reference Capsule for Class 10th (English Text Book).
Tulip Series.
Prepared strictly as per the requirements of the students , so that they may find the real thread to start with.
The capsule does not contain a few portions of grammar because they need rigorous practice in person. In case students are interested to learn the contents of grammar , they can ask for the free counselling by the author. The author does not prepare these notes for any commercial purpose but just to contribute a little for the needy students.
Hope you recognise the effort.
Tariq Ahmad Malik
Behrampora Raffiabad.
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English class:10th Segment: -    Writing Skill
Marks: 20
Assignment writer: Mr. Tariq Ahmad Malik ( Master GHS Soin Raffiabad)
In this segment we will try to explore the right way of developing Speeches, Messages, Notices and letters. We will try to explore the required formats for the writing skill as well.
Notice writing (Marks (4))
A notice is written in order to inform people or pupils (in a school) about an event or an activity. It could be a competition to take place in near future or any other activity especially in school like an excursion, a meeting, or a show.
Characteristics of an effective notice
A good notice is always to the point and leaves no scope for further enquiries without compromising on the word limit (50 words).its language is very formal .there must be clarity in the purpose .it should contain all the necessary details such as;
1. Name of the issuing agency (school).
2. Title, and date of issue (release of the notice).
3. Event (what?).
4. Date / time duration (when?).
5. Place /venue (where?).
6. Authorised signatory: name and signature.
Format of a notice
I. Box the notice (i.e. put it inside a rectangle box).
ii. Inside the box, right notice, in capitals on the top most line cantered.
iii. Leave a line after this.
iv. Wright a caption/heading on the next line –short and catchy.
v. Now fill in the date of issue.
vi. Start the first paragraph slightly intended (a little bit away from the margin).expand it on the heading given above.vii. The second paragraph (optional) has to include important details of content, answering questions like what /where /when /for whom/how/the last date by which the response has to be sent, etc.
viii. After leaving a line, write the name or designation of the issuing authority (given in the question generally).
ix. Use passive voice/third person where ever appropriate.
Exercises
Q1-(page=193 of text book)-section B (writing), question -2
                                   Govt. Higher Secondary School Bathandi ,Jammu
                                                                   NOTICE
                                                              Help us fight cancer                                                       5th April 2010
     The J& K Cancer Society help the people especially the poor fight cancer by bearing the expenses on treatment, and by arranging free medical check-ups.
     The school wants all the students to contribute to the cause generously by depositing some money in the office of the undersigned. The students may also request their parents for the contribution.

Incharge NSS
Karan

2. Page (6) of text book.
Q2. You have been asked to inform the students of class ix to xii about an inter-school debate on “Aliens can invade the Earth”. Draft a notice in 50 words to be put on the School notice board with all necessary details.
                                     Govt. Higher Secondary School Behrampora.
                                                                             NOTICE
                                                      Inter-School Debate Competition                                     25-05-2012
The cultural wing of Chief Education Officer Baramulla is organising an Inter-School Debate Competition on the topic –“Aliens can invade the Earth”, on 5th June 2012, at BHHS Baramulla.
Students from class 9th to 12th can register their names for the final selection, by or before may, 31, 2012.
                                                                                                                  Student secretary
                                                                                                                           Shahid

Q3. You are Farhat of HSS Behrampora. You are given the following letter by the Principal to write a notice in response to be put for the students on the notice board.
Kashmir psychiatric hospital
Srinagar
April, 30, 2012
The Principal
Higher Secondary School
Behrampora

Dear Sir,
In response to your invitation we have planned to set up a counselling camp in your school on 13/05/2012.we will have a nine member team of doctors and other paramedical personals.
We will deliver speeches and will also interact with the students about their problems. We will also hold a clinical counselling session with them. So please spread the message so that maximum students could participate in the camp.
Thanks.
Yours Sincerely,
Dr.Mushtaq Margoob
Director Kashmir Psychiatric Hospital

                                         Govt. Higher Secondary School Behrampora.
                                                                                          NOTICE
                                                                 Medical counselling camp                                         05-05-2012
A medical camp is held in the main hall of the school on 13/05/2012.a team of nine doctors and other paramedical personals headed by Mushtaq Margoob will deliver speeches on psychiatric problems. They will interact with the students and will hold a clinical counselling session with them.
                         All the students are informed to attend the medical camp without fail.
                                                                                                                        Student secretary
                                                                                                                          Farhat

Q4.you are Shahid, the head boy of the Govt. High School Seelu. As a part of social service, your school has decided to clean the surroundings. Write a notice not more than 50 words, for your school notice board asking for the names of the students of senior wing who want to participate whole heartedly.
Ans.
                                                Govt. High School Seelu Sopore
                                                                         NOTICE
                                Lets Clean Our Surroundings                                      04-06-2012
      Our school is organising a rally on June, 15, 2012, in which the volunteers will remove the rubbish from the roads. They will hold posters in hands and will convince the people about the cleanliness of surroundings.
      The students of senior wing who want to participate whole heartedly may register their names with us within two days.
                                                                                                             Head boy
                                                                                                              Shahid

Note: - Dear students: the above given specimen notices are aimed to create an understanding in you to draft a notice. Always understand the main content of the question and follow the above pattern with ease and you will be through. For any confusion, feel at home to call us on 9018947747/9906672021 or drop an email at taraiq@gmail.com.

Letter Writing                                                                                           Marks =5
Dear students, letter writing is not too big a problem for you. You are familiar with its format. Above on the left corner of the page, we begin with writing our own address, preferably postal address. Next we write the address of the recipients below our own address. This is followed by salutation (sir, dear sir, my dear friend etc).then comes the body. In the end comes courtesies leave taking (yours faithfully/yours sincerely/truly yours etc) followed by name and signature.
Since the new syllabus presents the content of the letter in a varied manner, you need to concentrate on the required content before initiating a letter.
Specimen Illustrations
Q1. Raman of High School Akhnoor reads an advertisement in a newspaper from an NGO: - “The Earth”. He then writes a letter to the NGO expressing his wish to participate in their campaigns. Read the below mentioned advertisement and reproduce the letter on behalf of Raman.
                                                  Grow trees to save the planet
An organisation working to save the planet
Organises campaign for reducing global warming and maintain ecological balance on May,20,2012
Special lectures of imminent environmentalists.
Planting of trees at a nearby open space near parade ground.
If you want to know more and more of our domain of activities write to us.
The Earth, NGO
            15-Extension Gandhi Nagar

Ans.
        Akhnoor Jammu
        May, 5, 2012
       The Chairman
       The Earth-NGO
      15-Extension
      Ghandhi Nagar
Dear Sir,
       I along with some of my friends read an advertisement in a local newspaper about your organisation launching the campaign “grow more trees to save the planet from global warming and ecological imbalance”. You have scheduled an awareness programme in parade ground on May, 20, 2012 in which lectures by eminent environmentalists will be the main attraction of the programme. The volunteers will be planting trees at a nearby open space will be by every means a sentimental show. Sir, we want to know more and more about the domain of activities of your NGO, and want to seek information about our expected role in your NGO. We do very much, want to participate in the campaign, and to this effect will be waiting your written response to this letter.
Thanks
Yours sincerely
Raman
Q2. Adnan reads an advertisement in a local newspaper about an NGO working for aged people. He feels he can also do something for the aged people.
Read the actual content of the advertisement below and reproduce the letter written by Adnan.
                                                   Lets Help Aged People
An organisation working for the aged people throughout India.
Orienting its volunteers to spend sometimes with the old people, read books to them, take them to the shops and the hospitals
If you want to become a part of this organisation, then write to us
Help the Old Organisation
C-14 Nageen Institute Srinagar

Ans.
           Behrampora Rafiabad
           Pin        193303
           June, 4, 2012
           The Chairman
           Help the Old Organisation
           C-14 Nageen Institute Srinagar
Dear Sir,
           I have come across the advertisement in a local newspaper about your organisation working for the aged people throughout India have learnt from the contents of the advertisement that your volunteers do spend time with the aged people, read books to them and take them to shops and hospitals.
          Sir, I am highly impressed with your efforts, and want to do something for the aged people. Many of my NSS friends are also enthusiastic to become a part of your mission.
          Sir, for now we need some orientation regarding how to approach the aged people. For this we want to have a meeting with you. Please write to us when and where we can have a meeting with you.
Thanks
Yours sincerely
Adnan
HSS Behrampora
Q3. While travelling through the interiors of Srinagar city you could not make it to reach the examination centre well in time due to frequent traffic jams, you could perceive the below mentioned points responsible for traffic jams.
Pedestrian do not use subways.
There is mess of crowds in every road.
Pedestrians do not know the rules of the road.
Footpaths are filthy with rubbish and garbage.

Now write a letter to Editor Kashmir Times so that the problem is brought in the notice of the government.
Ans.
       Behrampora Rafiabad
       Pin                   193303
       June, 15, 2012
       Editor Kashmir Times
       Srinagar Kashmir
Sir,
       This is to bring in your kind notice that the pedestrians in Srinagar city are always seen not using subways. Due to this approach, host of problems have cropped up. There are traffic jams on and off. Accidents happen quite often, and the drivers always have to face the mess of unwanted crowds in the roads.
Sir, a dire need is felt that the pedestrians be made aware about the rules of the roads, and also about the consequences faced by them by avoiding walking on footpaths.
Sir, besides this, subways be made clean and walkable. The garbage and the filth be cleaned, and the stagnant water, if any, be treated on regular basis.
       Sir, I hope you will highlight this matter through your esteemed columns.                      Thanks.
Yours sincerely

Shahid
HSS Behrampora
                                                            Speech Writing
Speeches are always well-planned, well organised and presentable items of writing. In class 10th, you are given the outline, and this makes your problem easy. You only need to organise the outline properly. The outline has to be supported by your deep understanding of the content. You must be capable of building threads of ideas with your ready instrument of coherence (unity achieved in terms of ideas) and cohesion (unity achieved in terms of language). Your appropriate style of solution and the tone of voice determine the standard of your speech. So newer dream to go to the extent of your thought while developing a speech.
Specimen speeches                                   word limit (150-200)
(I).Arjuman of class 10th, of HSS Behrampora prepares a speech on world book day for the morning assembly. She makes outline as given below.
                                                     Importance of Books
Books are full of wisdom.
Available at libraries.
Books enrich our knowledge, update us, and come to our rescue when we feel bored.
Easily affordable at book shops.
Keep the record of civilization.
Guarantee a better future, excites us to do extraordinary things.
Internet is no match to good books.
Q1. If you by yourself are Arjuman, how will you prepare the content of the speech for morning assembly?
Ans. Worthy principal, respected teachers, my dear brothers and sisters, I am Arjuman of class 10th enjoying the privilege to speak before you on the topic “importance of books”.
Respected listeners: Books are one of the most valuable inventions of man. There is no denying of the fact that books are life and breathe for a wise and enterprising man to rise to the cherished heights. Every extraordinary person is, by one way or the other, indebted to the wisdom of books. People who have burnt mid night oil on books have finally worked wonders.
Respected listeners: Can we ever think of qualifying IAS, KAS, AIEEE, MBBS AIEEE and other prestigious examinations without the support of books. Can we afford to pass the board examination without having books close to our breasts? Can we afford to underestimate the role of books in our career building? No, my respected listeners, we cant- because for reaching the cherished heights we need strength and that strength lies in the books.
Respected listeners: Books speak to me. They know nothing but wisdom. They are the custodians of extraordinary human endeavour, be it science, art, literature or other disciplines. The great man who ever lived in the world are been breathing deep in the books. The best thing about books is that they are affordable as well as easily available everywhere. They never cease to enrich the knowledge and update their beholder.
Listeners, whenever we feel bored, books come to our rescue. When we are isolated books extend their sweet company. They provide food to our leisure. They recreate us. They give us the feel of past civilizations. They help us relish the best literature write-ups. They make us embrace good qualities of diverse civilizations and rise to the extraordinary heights.
Respected listeners, why do we compare book reading to the internet surfing. They have no match. Books are time tested where as internet content may or may not be trustworthy. Books guarantee the single mindedness f the reader whereas internet makes the reader a rambler. So, dear listeners in order to suck the nector of knowledge to the utmost we have to have books most dear to all the muses. It is here where the secret of our better career and idealistic life lies.
Thanks.
(II) Ifra of high school Watergam has to take part in a speech competition on the topic “Pt Nehru A Great Visionary”. Using the ideas from the table given below, write the speech on the given topic in about 150-200 words.
                                                 Pt Nehru-A Great visionary
Birth:Nov,14,1889 in Allahabad
Education: Horrow school and Cambridge College England. Returned to India in 1912.
Profession: (a) practised law for sometime.
                   (b) Practise and joined Indian National Congress in 1917.
Imprisoned many times by British Govt. Adm. impressed by Gandhiji. However did not share passive resistance theory. First prime minister of independent India. Proved a great visionary.
Remembered as father of institutional democracy.

Ans. Speech
Worthy guest of honour, respected teachers, and my dear brothers and sisters, I am Ifra of HS Watergam, and I want to deliberate on the topic Pt. Nehru-A Great Visionary.
Listeners: it was November, 14, 1889 dawning bright and beautiful on Allahabad horizon. People were starting usual course of their activities. A glad tiding filled the atmosphere, and a great visionary was born in the house of Pt-Moti Lal Nehru.
Listeners: Being the only son to the family. The parents started cherishing dreams for his future. When the new born child, Jawaharlal Nehru reached his school going age, his parents chose to admit him in one of the finest schools of the world. Thus he found himself getting admitted in Horrow School of England. After completing his schooling, Pt. Nehru was sent to Trinity College Cambridge to complete his law degree. It was in 1912 that the family was seen according a phenomenal welcome to its barest or son-Jawaharlal Nehru.
Respected listeners: here in India the great visionary started practising law, but left it midway to pursue something else. In 1916, this great icon was tied in wed-lock with Kamla- Nehru, and in 1917, he joined Indian National Congress.
Respected listeners: Pt.Nehru came into contact with Gandhiji in 1919, and his cause of activities found a new direction. He started joining the movement pioneered by gandhiji. He was however aware to passive resistance. He raised his strong voice in every form, Movement. For formatting anti-British emotions Nehru was imprisoned nine times.
Respected listeners: It was because of Nehru’s tireless efforts along with other visionaries that the sun of independence dawned on India, and Nehru was honoured for his sacrifices o be the first prime minister of India. This father of democracy set up institutions of democracy. He set up planning commission extended priority to science and technology, launched five year plans and modernised India in every field.
Listeners, thanks to the effort put in by Pt. Nehru that we have pride by now to be the citizens of a worlds fastest growing economy through our great and favourite leader Nehru left us in 1984 and his contribution for the motherland with make us remember him for all times to come.(thanks).
Karan a student of 10th class has to take part in a speech competition on the topic non-violence: a relevant concept even today. Write a speech for him entitled “Gandhiji- my favourite leader”. Use the outline given below for developing the speech.
Gandhiji-My Favourite Leader
Born on 2nd Oct, 1869 at porbander, Gujarat.
Did law degree in England.
Practised law in South Africa.
Returned to India.
Take active part in the freedom struggle of India.
Newer used violent means to free his motherland.
Propounded non-violence.
Forced the British to quit India.

                                                                   “Speech”
Worthy guest of honour, respected teachers, dear brothers and sisters, I am Karan from HSS Behrampora. I am going to tell you something about the topic “Gandhi-My Favourite Leader”.
Listeners:- it was the bright and beautiful morning of October,2nd, 1869,that the sun at porbander Gujarat opened its eye to see the apostle of truth and non-violence getting birth in a simple family, who could not have ever thought that the child would grow to such heights which could make all other heights seen negligible. This child was none other but Gandhi.
Listeners, Gandhi was not any extraordinary soul at school. When after graduating he was sent to England for pursuing degree in law he was again proven an average student. It was only when he went South Africa that the stream of consciousness was aroused in law. He could not bear the plight of Indian labourers in South Africa. He fought for their rights at foreign soil and showed his countrymen a direction to resist oppression.
Listeners, Gandhiji, returned India in 1915 but assumed the leadership of Indian National Congress in 1921.during this time he understood the pros and cons of freedom struggle harboured by Indian masses. Gandhiji developed a course of actions based                                                                                   upon the principal and non-violence. And he named it as Satyagrah. This Satyagrah promoted on violence and civil disobedience as the method of resistance. Gandhiji was never titled towards using violent means to free his motherland from foreign occupation. His salt Satyagrah, daandi march, swadeshi movement, quit India movement etc were fully conceived with the principles of non violence.
Listeners: Gandhiji was arrested many times for harbouring the honest cause of independence. But he did never yield his passive resistance has great relevance even today. The world needs to embrace Gandhian philosophy move ahead. Peace has always relevance and disputes can always be settled by peaceful means. If gandhiji can draw away Britishers from Indian soil that too with his non violent means why cant we? So, my dear listeners, we must use Gandhian way of resistance to procure peace and stability for our people. (Thanks)
(iv) Ishrat is the student of HSS Seelu. She has to participate in the Iqbal day celebrations. She makes the below outline and develops the speech for the occasion. Reproduce the speech “Iqbal- My Favourite Poet” for Ishrat.
                                                 Iqbal- My Favourite Poet
Born in 1873 in Sialkot Lahore.
Learnt Urdu, Persian and English at school.
Graduated from Govt. College Lahore. Went Cambridge for further studies.
Worked as lecturer of history, philosophy and English.
Received PhD degree from Munich University Germany.
Wrote much poetic collections.
Awarded with knight hood in 1922.
Died in 1938.

Ans.                                                            “Speech”
Worthy judges of the occasion, respected teachers and dear fellow students I am “Ishrat” from HS Seelu enjoying my privilege to speak on the topic “Iqbal My Favourite Poet”.
Listeners: the poet of the East, as Iqbal is called was born on Feb, 22, 1873 in Sialkot Pakistan. At Skotch Mission School Sialkot Iqbal showed his true colours by mastering several languages at early age besides consolidating his skill of writing prose and poetry. Dear listeners : after getting groomed at the hands of Molvi Gh. Hassan. Iqbal had an equally proficient teacher at Govt. College Lahore. It was none other than Professor Arnold who inspired Iqbal very much and Iqbal graduated with distinction and was conferred upon two gold medals. He studied further and did masters degree in philosophy. His scholarly aptitude made the govt. Appoint him as the lecturer of history and philosophy in the Oriental College Lahore and later Assistant Professor at Govt. College Lahore.
Listeners: Iqbal’s thirst for knowledge took him to Cambridge was he attended a course of lectures on philosophy by Mc Taggard at Trinity College. A high degree of philosophy was conferred on him by this college. Here again he felt the thirst of knowledge and completed a valuable thesis on Persian mysticism and received the degree of PhD from the university of Munich Germany in 1908. On his return from Germany Iqbal passed his law examination at Lincoln’s Inn.
Listeners: Iqbal as I proclaimed earlier is my favourite poet. His poetry has a magical rhythm, a metaphorical language and a universal message. His poetry inculcates human values, religious mindset and patriotic feelings. His every poetic collection is fantastic. Bangi-Dara, Bali-Gabriel,Zarbi-Kaleem,Trumgani-Hijar etc have tremendous readership all over the world. Iqbal’s poetry strikes hard on ignorance and inaction, and retains tremendous aesthetic taste simultaneously.
Listeners: On the death of Queen Victoria, Iqbal wrote a pathetic poem which was widely appreciated in all quarters,. Consequently as an appreciation, the Govt. conferred knighthood upon Iqbal in 1922.
Listeners: this great poet, philosopher and saint breathed his last on 21of April, 1938. By all means Iqbal left us on that day. But the great poet is survived by his poetry which is no less than the Talisman for the humanity. (Thanks)
                                           Message writing
Messages carry information in a brief and condensed manner. Most of the items are incomplete sentence. Only words that are essential to convey the meaning are used.
Important points.
Avoid writing complete sentences
Avoid using “I” unless essential
Use short verb phrase where possible.
Quit articles and other determiners
     Format of the message
Omit address.
Write the time, day and date on the top.
Use brief salutation (Dear-Mr-).
Emphasise important parts by using capitals and underlining.
Complete sentences are not necessary.
Give detail of information (if required).
Do mention from whom and when the message was received.
Do not include any additional information.
End with your name.

Specimen Messages
Q1. On behalf of the principal of your school, you, as school secretary are asked to draft a message from the notepad of the principal which has following content.
a). Growing tendency of bringing mobile phones secretly by the students.
b). Sending sms, missed calls and even taking photos of the classmates.
c). Indiscipline created.
d). All class representatives including the staff secretary to attend the meeting.

                                                      Message
15/06/2012                                             10:00 am                                                       Friday
Dear class representatives
And staff secretary,
Students have descended to creating indiscipline by bringing mobile phones to the school. They send sms and miss calls to their classmates and take photos as well. Hence principal wants you all to att
end a meeting in his office at 02:00 pm today.
                                                                                                                  Secretary
                                                                                                                Asif Ahmad Bhat

2.You are the office clerk. Bashir wants at BHSS Behrampora. Your principal hands over his notepad for writing a message. The notepad has following points.
a). Growing Tendency of bunking the classes by the students.
b). Indiscipline created their upon.
c). All Class representatives including staff secretary to attend the meeting.

Ans.                                                                          Message
19/06/2012                                                              9:30am                                                                                  Tuesday
For class representatives
And staff secretary
Students have a growing tendency to bunk the classes and create indiscipline. So the principal wants you all to attend the meeting with him at 2:3pm in his office today.
                                                                                                                                    Office clerk
                                                                                                                                 Bashir Wani

Q3. Sameer is your neighbour’s son. He is coming home from Bangalore. Since their telephone is out of order, he calls you to leave a message at his parent’s home about his arrival on 20th June by Kingfisher Airlines. Draft a message.
Ans.                                                                       Message
18/06/2012                                                               3pm                                                  Monday
Mr. Khaliq
        Your son Sameer is arriving on June, 20, 2012, by the evening flight of Kingfisher Airlines. He dropped the message with us for your phone being out of order.


                                                                                                                                             Shahid

Q4. Your friend Tariq Ahmad Magray was selected as teacher by SSRB, on June, 17, 2012.You went there but he was away to attend the marriage function of his cousin. Draft a message for him.
17/06/2012                                                      11:00am                                               Sunday
Dear Tariq,
       Came to your residence to congratulate you on your selection in the teacher line. I am besides myself with joy for your success. Call me when you are back. Stay blessed.

Irshad

Note: you may be sometimes asked to draft a message from the dialogue given. The only thing you need to choose is which message is needed to be translated and to whom.

Note Making :From a given passage you are asked to make notes. You have to be skilful. While comprehending the passage you have to make a hunt for - (1).main idea. (2).underlying and supporting ideas. (3).specific or minute information.
Important Points
If the passage is divided into many paragraphs, then each paragraph will have one main idea and some associated ideas. If there is only one paragraph then you have to explore where the new ideas begin. The important facts should, however, be given in a proper order and in a logical sequence. You are at liberty to use abbreviation and make use of short sentences. Usually we present notes under headings and sub-headings.
1)
Sr. No.
Main Point
Supporting details
1
Pollution
water pollution
air pollution
soil pollution
2
Water pollution
      a)   industries
      b)   pesticides
      c)   house drains
3
Air pollution
smoke
dust

2)
Sr. No.
Main Point
Associated details
1
Science
electricity
computer
press
2
Electricity
lighting
cooking
running machines
3
Press
books
newspapers

Q. Below are given some notes on an accident at a level crossing. Elaborate these notes in 50 words.
Train accident............... level crossing........................... 3pm.............................11,09,2011.....................15 km...................Nowgam...........collides with a truck ..........at high speed .............4 dead..................several hurt
Ans. A Train Accident
A train accident took place at Nowgam Railway Station at around 3pm, today on 11/09/2011. It is understood that there was no security guard present at level crossing when the unfortunate truck ran into the slowly moving train at Nowgam station, 15kms from Srinagar. The accident left four people dead. All the deceased were boarded in the truck. Several passengers boarded in the train received minor injuries. They were rushed to the JVC Hospital for treatment.
Dialogue Writing:
Specimen Dialogue:
Qno.1. Complete the dialogue between Nasir and Yourself.
Sol.
Nasir: Hello! Is it 9419125586?
Yourself: yes please, Whom do you want to talk?
Nasir: Could I please talk to Mr Khan?
Yourself: I am afraid , Daddy is not at home. Do you have any message for him?
Nasir: Yes, please tell him that the meeting fixed for today stands cancelled.
Yourself : It has been cancelled? That is right.
Nasir: Please also tell him to call me back on this number. Will you?
Yourself: Yes uncle, I have noted it down and will remind him of it.
Specimen.2 (Regular 2011)
Shalley: Hello Neera! It is so nice to meet you again after such a long time.
Neera: Same pleasure to me . My father has again been transferred to this city after two years. I again joined Govt College for Women last week.
Shalley: Really! Which stream have you taken up?
Neera: I have taken up medical stream.
Shalley: Good! I have also taken up medical stream.
Neera: Oh really! It shall be a great fun if we got the same section.
Shalley : Yes, but which section is yours?
Neera: I have yet not known it . They said they would allot the sections on Monday.
Shalley : I pray to God to put us in the same section.
Neera: I do also pray for the same. Now by the way where are you going?
Shalley : My mother is not feeling well. I have to get back to my home.
Neera: What is the problem?
Shalley : Just high blood pressure.
Neera: Give me your address. I will visit you someday.
Shalley: Ok. It is House No.14. Bonapora Behrampora.
Spicimen.3 (Dialogue between Anjali and Shahid.
Shahid: Hello, Is this 906699064?
Anjali: Yes, but who is on the line?
Shahid: I am her friend, Shahid.
Anjali: It’s Shahid. Where from are you calling?
Shahid: I’m calling from Srinagar International Airport. I’m here for a visit.
Anjali: That is great, but why didn’t you call me before?
Shahid: I wanted to give you a surprise.
Anjali: Stay there . I’m coming. Will you mind waiting me there.
Shahid: I’m waiting. How much time will you take?
Anjali: Well, If there is no traffic jam . It will take me half an hour.
Board type Questions. Answer in 100 words. 5 marks’ questions.
1. Footprints Without Feet

Q1 .How do you assess Griffen as a scientist?
Ans. Griffen was, beyond all doubts, a brilliant scientist. He used his scientific temper to make a rare drug that could make human body as transparent as a sheet of glass and also as solid as the sheet of glass. His discovery was remarkable.
Griffen was, however, an unreasonable scientist. He could have used his discovery for the good of the humanity, but he declined to do that. He, instead, misused his discovery and made others suffer at his hands. He was short tempered. He told lies. He stole money. He used all available means to strike terror in the people. He used his discovery for personal gains rather than for common good.

Qno.2. How was the arrival of the stranger in a village inn an unusual event?
Ans. The arrival of the stranger in a village inn was an unusual event for many reasons-
People would hardly go there during winters. Besides this, the stranger had very uncommon appearance. He had worn bandages round his forehead. He had put on dark glasses, false nose, big bushy side whiskers, and a large hat. This posture of the stranger set all tongues wagging. The stranger was unique for another reason also. He did not want to talk to Mrs. Hall, but pretend the desire for solitude. This all was unusual and had never happened before in the inn.

Qno.3. The scientist was a man of ‘irritable temper’. Give an example to prove this.
Ans. The scientist was always quick-tempered. When he was asked how he managed to appear from an empty locked room, he felt offended and shouted that he would show them what he could do if he was offended. He threw off his bandages, side whiskers, spectacles, and even his false nose. Becoming invisible progressively he horrified the people in the bar. He hit the policeman with blows that appeared to come from nowhere. He knocked them unconscious. All this suggests that the scientist was a man of irritable temper.
2.An Excellent Father

Qno1.Who takes over Netherfield Park? Why is Mrs Bennet happy about it?
Ans. Netherfield Park is taken over by Mr Bingley. He is from North England, and is a young man of large fortune. Netherfield Park is situated in the vicinity of the Bennit family.
Mrs Bennit has five daughters. They are- Jane, Elizebeth ,Mary ,Catherine, and Lydia. These girls have reached the age of their marriage. Mrs Bennet is very anxious about their marriage .When she discovers that Mr Bingley has taken over the ownership of Netherfield park, she thinks of developing acquaintance with him so that he may fall in love with one of her daughters. This perception makes the compassionate mother feel happy.

Qno.2. Why does Mrs Bennet tell her girls that they have an excellent father?
Ans. Owing to the welcome news that a young man of large fortune is taking over Netherfield Park ,Mrs Bennet is seen all at toes to be the first to offer her acquaintance to Mr Bingley. She sees in him a husband for one of her daughters. She strains every nerve to send her husband to the Netherfield Park and see Mr Bingley. The compassionate mother in her becomes listless to develop the acquaintance, and requests her husband to be the first to visit , lest somebody else should exploit the welcome opportunity. Mr Bennet teases her efforts by cutting jokes on her sincerity and makes her exhaust in outrage .In the end, however, when Mrs Bennet exclaims that she is sick of Mr Bingley, her husband breaks the news sarcastingly saying if he had known it before, he would not have visited Mr Bingley. This surprises Mrs Bennet and she proclaims that her daughters have got an excellent father because he has been ,all the times, more worried about their marriage, and that they have never had any smell of it.
Character Sketch of Mrs Bennet:
Mrs Bennit is the main character of the lesson “An Excellent Father”. She has five daughters. She has her burning desire to see her daughters married to the men of large fortune. When Mr Bingley sets to take Netherfield Park, Mrs Bennit finds an opportunity. She collects the where-abouts of Mr Bingley from her neighbour, Mrs Long. It appears to her a welcome opportunity to develop friendly ties with Mr Bingley who proves to be a man of large fortune.
Mrs Bennit insists her husband to be the first to visit to Mr Bingley lest some one else with an eligible daughter should steal the opportunity. She gets on to his nerves by the repetition of the demand.
Mrs Bennit feels very much vexed to see the indifference shown by her husband on the point of marriage of their daughters. She finds her husband being no serious on the issue. To her dismay, the patience of a compassionate mother is virtually exhausted by her indifferent husband.
Mrs Bennit is ,however, rewarded in the end when Mr Bennit breaks the news that he has already visited Mr Bingley, and that he also expects Mr Bingley may like to propose one of their daughters. Mrs Bennit is taken to surprise. She exclaims, and says her girls that they have an excellent father.

Qno.3. Write the character sketch of Mr Bingley.
Ans. Mr Bingley is a young man from North England. He is the man of large fortune. He has taken over the Netherfield Park. The good news about him is that he is unmarried.
Mr Bingley’s arrival to the site creates stir in many hearts .Mrs Long spreads this news far and wide. Mrs Bennet takes this news as a welcome offer. She starts thinking of Bingley’s acquaintance so that one of her daughters be proposed by him for marriage.
Mr Bingley is the the focal point of the story. His arrival from North England makes the plot of the novel “Pride And Prejudice”. Compassionate mothers start weaving dreams around him. They think that his being a wealthy person is a guarantee of a happy after-marriage life of their daughters, provided he chooses to marry someone. Mrs Bennet wants no opportunity be left unavailed to allure Bingley towards her daughters.
In the end it is said that Mr Bingley falls in love with Janne , the eldest daughter of Mr Bennet.He courts her ,loves her, and ultimately marries her to the utmost satisfaction of Mrs Bennet. Elizebeth Bennet , who is the mouth piece of the novel marries Mr Darsey, Mr Bingley’s friend. Thus the dreams of Mrs Bennet are seen getting the touch of reality.

From The Diary Of A Young Girl

Qno.1.Why does Anne Frank need to give a brief sketch of her family? Does she treat ‘Kitty’ insider or outsider?
Ans. Anne Frank claims that paper has more patience than people. She usually sits depressed and all alone .She claims of having no real friend .This lends the reader the perception that there isn’t any body to take care of Anne Frank. To clear the clouds of doubt , Anne Frank gives the sketch of her adorable father, compassionate mother, kind grandmother, and loving sister.
Anne, being a sensitive girl, needs to share her privacy with some real friend. She needs some girl of her age in whom she could confide, and share her sweet secrets. She fails to find out such a custodian of emotions. She, ultimately, explores such a friend in Kitty. Kitty is not any girl, but a stiff backed notebook .She treats her as insider and shares every secret of her life with it. She discovers that paper has more patience than people, because Kitty does not feel bored with her, and that she does not reveal her secrets to anybody.

Qno.2.How does Anne feel about her father, grandmother, Mrs Kuprus, and Mr Keesing?
Ans .Anne Frank calls her father the most adorable father she has ever seen. Her father migrates to Holland to spare his family from the wrath of Hitler .He ,according to Anne, knows the likes and dislikes of her. He presents Anne a diary on her thirteenth birthday.
In the absence of parents at Aachen, the grandmother takes the charge of her upbringing. She loves Anne very much and Anne too loves her , and misses her very much after her death.
Mrs Kuprus, the form teacher in 6th class at Montessori Nursery School is very avid of Anne. She loves Anne so much that at the farewell function she weeps bitterly for Anne’s departure.
Mr Keesing, the math teacher, bores Anne and exhausts her patience. She keeps talking in his class and Mr Keesing assigns her the extra burden of homework. She writes the essay and justifies the need of talking in the class. In the end Anne does realize that Mr Keesing is a very remarkable teacher.

Qno.3.Anne says teachers are most unpredictable creatures. Is Mr Keesing unpredictable? How?
Ans. Anne says teachers are most unpredictable. From this she means that they usually do not stick to their hard and fast rules. They can, sometimes, take tough stand and take only a few students to the next class, or they can otherwise, show enough flexibility and keep no one back.
Mr Keesing is also unpredictable. He is annoyed with Anne Frank, for, she talks too much in his class.He serves many warnings to the girl, but fails to bring her to observe silence. He, then assigns her some extra homework as punishment. Anne comes up with the additional home work done. She thinks that after doing the homework, the teacher will have no objection with her being talkative in the class but the unpredictable maths teacher, instead of assigning homework from maths ,keeps her busy with English compositions. Anne Frank, after doing every assignment, feels that Mr keesing will spare her thereafter, but it does never happen.
Long Walk To Freedom

Qno.1. Why is May, 10 an autumn day in South Africa?
Ans .South Africa falls in the South Hemisphere in the Southern Temperate Zone of the globe. The seasons in the Southern Hemisphere run contrary to that of the Northern Hemisphere .For this reason June,21 is the first day of Summer in the Northern Hemisphere while as the same day marks the beginning of Winter in the Southern Hemisphere. Since May, 10 is the spring day in the Northern Hemisphere, it has to be an autumn day in South Africa.

Qno.2.At the beginning of his speech Mandela mentions “an extraordinary human disaster’’. What is the ‘’glorious human achievement’’ he mentions in the end?
Ans .In his speech Mandela makes the mention of ‘’an extraordinary human disaster’’.It is actually the apartheid which he calls human disaster because the colour discrimination had divide3d the Africans into two hostile groups. The Whites had an air of supremacy, and the Blacks were looked down as inferior people. The White Minority had reserved with them every right to dominate the Black Majority. Whosoever resisted the oppression would be convicted on the charges of sabotage. Nelson Mandela, himself suffered the burns of twenty-seven years imprisonment. This worst human disaster left the Black Africans in the state of continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, sufferings, gender and other discriminations.
After the endless sacrifices, Africans tasted the flavours of the political emancipation which Mandela calls ‘’glorious human achievement’’, for it gave the Blacks rid of the shackles of oppression. After this the Black Africans acquired the right to vote, and they elected their real representatives. Nelson Mandela was elected as the first president of the sovereign, and this was, but a glorious human achievement for the African Republic.

Qno.3. What ideals does Mandela set for the future of South Africa?
Ans. Nelson Mandela ,after achieving political emancipation for his country, pledges to liberate all his people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, sufferings, gender and other discriminations.
Nelson Mandela knows that the White supremacy has, for ages, made his people suffer all types of discriminations. It has made them endure the agony of the inevitable disaster of servitude.
Nelson Mandela knows that poverty, deprivation, and other discriminations always tear apart the fabric of the humane society, and does never allow it to prosper. Hence besides the pledge that South Africa will never ever again experience the oppression on its pious soil, he pinpoints to his countrymen that poverty and deprivation are such enemies which need to be subdued, and every countryman must work for keeping these menaces away from South African soil.

Qno.4.Would you agree that ‘ the depth of oppression’ create heights of character? How does Mandela illustrate this ?
Ans. The depths of oppression , beyond all doubts, create the heights of character. There is no denying the fact that Nelson Mandela, by himself , stands the testimony to this claim. His resistance was, however, interpreted as sabotage of peace, and was sentenced for 27 years imprisonment.
Mandela acknowledges that the independence of South Africa was earned because African patriotists had laid their lives for it .It was virtually the sum of their sacrifices which resulted in such a human glory.
It was the decades of profound oppression and brutality , as Nelson Mandela illustrates , that produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sislus, the Chief Luthulis, and the Yousf Dadoos like men of great character and courage who were finer and truer than the purest diamonds of South Africa .All such leaders were produced during the decades of immense oppression , and perhaps it was the depth of the oppression which culminated in creating such heights of character.

Qno.5. How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom changed with the age and experience?
Ans. Mandela’s understanding of freedom underwent various changes since his childhood days. As a child he deemed himself free , and none was there to curtail his freedom. He would run in the fields , jump into the streams, roast mealies under the stars , and enjoy riding the bulls. He did what ever his heart wanted. Thus his freedom had no limits.
As age passed and boyhood went off the sight , he could understand that his childhood freedoms were mere illusions, and that his real freedom had already been taken away from him. He began to hunger for it . He would think of his school days and his transitory freedom--of being able to stay out at night ,read whatever he pleased , and go where he chose. It was only later as a young man that he could understand that he and his race was deprived of the basic and honourable freedoms of living a dignified life. He could understand that his brothers and sisters were not enjoying the freedom to choose their representatives although being in absolute majority.

Qno.6. How did Mandela’s hunger for freedom change his life?
Ans. When Mandela realized that his race had been deprived of freedom, and was ruthlessly being exploited by the White Supremacy , his hunger for freedom began to intensify. It was this desire for freedom for his people to live their lives with dignity and self-respect that animated Mandela’s life. A frightened young man , Mandela was changed in to a man Into a wanted criminal. From a family loving husband he was transformed into a man without home. He was forced to live the life of a monk. He, however, always felt of himself to be no more pious and self- sacrificing than the next man . He ,thus , championed a virtuous movement, and suffered 27 years imprisonment for seeing his people freed from the chains of the oppression.

The Sermon At Benares

Qno.1. What does Kisa Gotami understand the second time that she failed to understand the first time? Was this what Buddha wanted to make her understand?
Ans. By the first time Kisa Gotami approaches her neighbours to ask for medicine for her deceased son , but she could not procure any medicine. Next, at the advice of Buddha , she goes to procure a handful of mustard seed from some household which has never lost any relative to death. She again fails to get the required mustard. During her pursuit she feels weariness, and sits down a wayside. She watches the lights of the city flickering up and getting extinguished continuously, and finally every lights dies forever. She starts realizing the fate of man being no different from city lights. She realizes that she is selfish in her grief, as death is common to all. She realizes that the only way out of the tragedy is to surrender one’s selfishness. This was what Buddha wanted to make her understand.
Buddha wanted her to understand that whosoever is born has to fall to death, and that the world is troubled and brief. Death does not spare rich or poor, fool or wise. Hence Kisa Gotami learns to endure the pain of her departed son, and gets busy with routine course of life.

For any confusion about the content of these notes, or BOSE paper formats , feel comfortable to contact me on the address bellow—
Tariq Ahmad Malik. Tr. HSS Behrampora. R/O: Behrampora(Raffiabad).
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Qno.2.How do you usually understand the idea of selfishness? Do you agree with Kisa Gotami that she was selfish in her grief?
Ans. From the word selfishness, we usually understand – holding dear one’s concerns at the cost of exclusion of others.
I don’t think Kisa Gotami was , by any means, selfish in her grief. It was actually the affection of a loving mother for her deceased child that made her behave that way. Her claim did not exclude others .She did not snatch others rights. She did not want to lose her son at any cost. It was the intensity of her grief that made her appear selfish, and later on the realization of the life and death made her think that she was, perhaps selfish in her grief.

Pappachi’s Moth
Character Sketch Of Pappachi
Shri Benaan John Ipe who is called Pappachi was an empirical entomologist prior to his retirement. He lived with his wife and two children- Rahiel and Estha. Pappachi had been bitter ever since his discovery of a new species of moth which had been dismissed out rightly, and later on credited to some one very junior to Pappachi. This made Pappachi develop abusive tendencies.
Pappachi had superiority complex of high degree. He would feel pickle making work below his standard. He would feel jealous to see his young wife working and enjoying good relations with customers. He was averse to see his wife enjoying the name and fame for her pickles. To add to his confusion ,his wife was also liked for her modest approach and outlook.
Pappachi always felt himself deserted and abandoned. There was none to visit him. Though he would keep much decorum by putting on an immaculately tailored suit, and weaving sullen circles around the work place of his wife yet he would come in nobody’s notice .To counter this disregard he would beat his wife every day .Once his son, Chako, discovered his mother being beaten ruthlessly. He stopped Pappachi, twisted his hand and warned him for this act .After this episode Pappachi cut off the speaking terms with his wife and kept separate until his death.

Character Sketch Of Mammachi:
Ans.Mammachi’s actual name is Shoshma Ipe .She is the only resilient member of Ipe family. After the retirement of Pappachi, she assumes the responsibility of family. She starts making pickles and banana jam for earning the livelihood. Soon she becomes famous for her business and starts receiving orders from different corners .Her mango pickles and banana jam finds a large number of customers. Kottayam Bible Society hires her services for a fare where her famous banana jam and tender mango pickles are served. She discovers that she has more orders than she can cope with. Thrilled with success, she decides to persist with the business , and gets busy round the year.
Because of her hard work and resilience, Mammachi attracts attention from all people. Since she is also seventeen years younger to Pappachi, and looks beautiful, Pappachi gets jealous and beats her every day with poor pretences. This beating stops only when Chako discovers it and warns Pappachi against it.
Mammachi , after Chako’s interference , faces indifference from Pappachi .Pappachi does not speak to her any more and declines to take food with her hand. This anger ends with Pappachi’s death which leaves Mammachi in tears.

Q/. Identify the instances of humour in the story ‘Pappachi’s Moth’.
Ans.Pappachi is a retired officer having very unrealistic outlook. It is humorous to note that Pappachi considers pickle making an inferior job, but to be parasite on the family does not make him feel inferior anyway.
After being warned by Chako , Pappachi ignores the food , and in the moonlit night smashes his favourite mahogany rocking chair to pieces.
Pappachi’s buying a sky-blue plymouth, and coasting down a narrow road in his wide car makes him a laughing stock in the summer days . The Plymouth keeps on sweating his body freely.

Pappachi sews the button on his shirt though they are not actually broken. This he does for giving the people the notion that Mammachi does have no care for him
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The Merchant of the Venice
Qno.1. Why does Shylock hate Antonio?
Ans. Shylock hates Antonio because he lends money to people in distress and does not charge any interest for the money he lends. Shylock being a hard hearted man exacts the payment of money he lends with much severity . Since Antonio is generous he earns much of hatred of Shylock.
Qno.2. Ho does Antonio help Bassanio?
Ans. Bassanio wants to travel to Balmont in order to propose a rich and beautiful girl called Portia. He has , however, no money to make himself look as rich and important to her as her other suitors. He goes to Antonio for borrowing money. Antonio ,this time, has no money so he decides to borrow the money for Bassanio from an old jew called Shylock.
Shylock lends Antonio the money on the condition that if he fails to repay the money by a certain day, he will , as a penalty forfeit a pound of flesh , to be cut from any part of his body that Shylock pleases.
Qno.3. How does Shylock feel when Antonio asks for some money? Why is he interested to pay the required sum ?
Ans. When Antonio asks Shylock to borrow him some money , he feels happy. He thinks if he can catch him on the hip, he will feed fat the ancient grudge. Shylock reminds Antonio the insults   he has suffered at his hands. Shylock finds an option to revenge Antonio by lending him the money with out charging any interest. He, however, makes him sign a bond that if he fails to repay the money by a certain day he will have to forfeit a pound of flesh to be cut from any part of his body Shylock pleases as the penalty. Shylock, thus wants to kill his enemy in the pretence of not repaying the borrowed money.
Qno.3.How does Bassanio marry Portia?
Ans. Bassanio loves Portia. He, however ,feels scared to propose her . He needs some money to make himself look as rich and important as her other suitors. He goes to Antonio to borrow the money. Antonio has, this time , no cash at hand. He approaches an old jew, Shylock for the money . Shylock lends him the money on a severe condition that if he fails to repay the debt in time he will have to forfeit his pound of flesh as penalty.Thus Antonio arranges the money for his friend at the cost of his life. Bassanio takes the money and reaches Belmont.He manages to impress Portia with his borrowed elegance. The girl falls in love with him and both get married.
Qno.6. Why is the case brought before the duke of Venice?
Ans. Since the three months mentioned in the bond pass, and Antonio fails to repay the borrowed money , Shylock files a case against him before the duke of Venice claiming the penalty of a pound of Antonio’s flesh.
Qno.7. Who is disguised as the learned counsellor (Dr Balthasar) ? Why has he come to the court of Venice?
Ans. Portia is disguised   as the learned counsellor ,Dr Balthasar. He has come to the court to plead the case of Antonio who has failed to repay the debt and is facing the trial.
Qno.8. How does the counsellor start the argument, and how was he able to get the judgement in Antonio’s favour?
Ans.The counsellor starts his argument in favour of Shylock and says that he indeed has the right to claim his pound of flesh. He , in the same breath appeals Shylock to have mercy on Antonio. Shylock is not moved by the counsellors appeal and he keeps on sharpening his knife. The counsellor, however , turns the tide against him by discovering a new point. He impresses upon Shylock not to shed even a single drop of Antonio’s blood while cutting a pound of flesh from his body. The counsellor tells the court that it is the flesh, not the blood that is named in the bond. This wise discovery of the counsellor makes him able to get the judgement in favour of Antonio.
Qno.9. How does Portia get back her ring?
Ans. After Portia , in the disguise of a lawyer has won the case for Antonio , Bassanio goes to thank her . He asks her to accept a gift which Portia refuses . When Bassanio insists her , she suggests her that she can give her the rig on his finger. Bassanio feels hesitated but Antonio suggests him to give it to the lawyer for he has done a great service to him. This way Portia gets her ring back.
Q. Describe the theme of the play –“the Merchant of the Venice”.
Ans. The play “the Merchant of the Venice” revolves around three themes- love ,sacrifice, and hatred. The beginning of the play describes the hatred of Antonio for an old jew, Shylock who charges very high rate of interest on his lent money to the needy. Shylock also hatches a plan to revenge the hatred of Antonio.
The play also highlights the Bassanio’s   candid love for Portia. He does not want to lose her beloved at any cost.
Sacrifice is yet another theme reflected in the play. Antonio is an epitome of sacrifice. He lends his money to the needy with out charging any interest. He risks his life and borrows money for his bosom friend from a cruel Jew , this ,he does to see his friend winning the love of Portia.
Character Sketch of Shylock:
Shylock , the jew lived in Venice. He was a usurer by profession. He had amassed an immense fortune by lending money at great interest rate to christen merchants. Being a hard hearted man , he exacted the payment of the money he lent with such a severity that he was much disliked by all good men. His hard heartedness had also made Antonio to reproach him. Shylock was accused for his selfish behaviour in the whole city of Venice.
Shylock had tremendous enmity with Antonio. He had cooked revenge against him for which he was always looking for the opportunity. This opportunity came his way when Antonio approached him with a plea that he needed three thousand ducats. Shylock made Antonio sign a bond that if he failed to repay the money on a certain day he would have to forfeit a pound of flesh. Luck went Shylock’s way. Antonio failed to repay the money . Shylock took the case to the duke of the Venice claiming for the penalty. The enemies next met in the court . To feed his greed , Shylock sharpened his knife much to the dismay of Antonio. He was impatient to see Antonio dying at his feet, But this could not happen. The counsellor turned the table against Shylock by saying that Shylock could cut his pound of flesh from Antonio’s breast, but he must not shed even a single drop of Antonio’s blood. This sabotaged the conspiracy of Shylock, for it was impossible for him to cut the flesh with out shedding some blood. Shylock, after this suffered another setback when the young counsellor charge-sheeted for plotting against the life of a christen and a citizen of Venice. He demanded death sentence for Shylock besides this he demanded that his whole property be seized. Thus the cruel merchant met a dreadful end.

The Ghat of the Only world
Qno.3. How does Shahid face death? Describe the hospital scene.
Ans. Shahid faces death very boldly. He knows that his death is certain in near future. He is alive to the seriousness of his ailment. He, however, tries hard to fill life into the hours which he has before hand. He arranges feasts for his friends. He makes all efforts to be cheerful. He wants to be among his friends making all the merriment he can.

At hospital Shahid had to undergo some surgical procedure that was intended to relieve the pressure of his brain. His head was shaved and the shape of tumour was visible upon his scalp. While leaving the ward , a blue uniformed escort arrived with a wheel-chair. Shahid waived him away declaring that he was strong enough to walk on his own .He was, however , weaker than what he had thought. His knees buckled after no more than a few steps. Instead of feeling sad , Shahid felt delighted to see his friend along his sister holding him aright waiting the escort to return with the wheel-chair. This time Shahid gave a beaming smile to the hospital orderly and asked him about his homeland. On discovering that he was from Spain, Shahid clapped in exclamation saying that he always had an urge to learn Spanish just to read Lorca.

Qno.2. Pick out the elements of humour in the lesson ‘Only ghat of the world’.
Ans. Shahid was never subdued by Sadness. He could create humour out of every thing. That is why his living room was never seen without friends and relatives. His nakhras in the class, and his conversations on phone would be full of humour.
The episode at Barcelona Airport was also full of humour. Here a woman security guard stopped Shahid for questioning. To every question Shahid answered with humour saying that he was a poet and was, in Spain ,for writing poetry .The guard got angry and asked if he had got anything dangerous with him. Shahid clapped his hand to his chest and cried, “only my heart’’.
The humour did again come to the fore when the hospital orderly came with an arm-chair for the dying man, and the dying man learnt that he was from Spain. Shahid cried out of exclamation that he always needed him to teach him Spanish in order that he could study Lorca . Shahid , while dying felt deprived for not learning Spanish which was but humourous.

Character Sketch Of Shahid Ali:
Shahid Ali was a famous Kashmiri American poet Who earned tremendous name and fame for   his English poetry.He started his early education in Kashmir and pursued his higher studies at Delhi University.
Shahid authored several collections of poetry books. “The Country without Post Office” is the most remarkable of his book.
Shahid’s poetry was much inspired by James Merril. As a poet he never embraced the role of the victim that could so easily had been his. Shahid was would call himself a genuine poet , schooled in the fierce and forgiving art of language. Although respectful of religion, he remained a firm believer in the separation of politics and religious practices.
Shahid had always a recurrent dream in which the padiths had vanished from the valley of Kashmir .His dream surfaced in his poetry. The poet in him pathetically complained his pandith friends for having painted him as their enemy.
Shahid had always his own ways. He was full of wits. He was infallible before calamities. Despite having recurrent black-outs due to incurable tumour, he never declined to live. With all vivacity he would arrange feasts for his friends, and keep them around him .He was a great lover of cooking. He loved to cook Kashmiri dishes in pandth style. Rogen Gosh was his favourite dish. He would spend hours chalking out cooking programmes.
Shahid worked as the professor of English language at many American universities. His art of teaching was marvelous. From beginning to end he would be sparking deva. He was so favourite to his students that they once published a separate issue of university magazine in his name.
Shahid had many great promises to fulfill for his mother land .He was the great lover of Faiz ,Begum Akhter, and old Bollywood films. But, like all noble souls, Aga Shahid Ali died young. It was on December, 8, 2001 that he breathed his last.


    Bholi
Character Sketch Of Bholi:
Bholi was the forth daughter of Numberdar Ramlal. Her actual name was Sulekha. When she was just ten months old , she fell of the cot an damaged some part of her brain. This rendered her backward for the rest of her life. At the age of two , Bholi contracted smallpox which disfigured her body with deep pockmarks. Her mental retardness and stammer made the people call the girl as ‘ Bholi’.
At the age of Seven Bholi was sent to a primary school. This was not any honour to Bholi, but the indifference of the parents, for girl education in the village was taken as an ill omen.
At school, Bholi struggled with her voice and found other girls laughing at her stammer. The great teacher at school ,however , patted Bholi saying she would one day speak fluently and will surprise others. She gave her many books to read.
Years passed , and Bholi completed her schooling. The parents now settled her   marriage with an elderly lame person, Bishamber Nath. The dumb –cow as Bholi was called was at receiving end.
At the marriage ceremony, While extending garland towards the bride’s neck, Bishamber discovered the pockmarks and drew his hand back. He took Ramlal aback by demanding five thousand rupees in dowry. Ramlal, having no money, fell to his feet but Bishamber didn’t change his decision. Thus the poor father arranged the money somehow.
Bishamber was now all set to put garland round the bride’s neck, but to the surprise of all, Bholi Cried out saying that she would not marry the greedy old man. Bholi had now found his eloquence and intelligence .Sulekha was now back to the scene .She spoke and others listened to her .Bholi declared that she would not marry , but would serve her parents in their old age. She added that she would teach the girls of the village in the village high school. Her first day teacher was listening this and was all in tears with joy.

Character sketch of Bishamber Nath:
Bishamber Nath was an aged man. His age was near about fifty years when he proposed to marry Bholi. He had limps in his legs. His first wife had died, and his children were also grown up.
When Bishamber Nath expressed his wish to marry Bholi, Ramlal and his wife felt happy to find a groom for their simpleton daughter. They were least bothered about Bholi’s interests.
Ramlal would talk very high of Bishamber Nath. He, along with his wife started talking very high of his riches and estates.
At marriage party Bishamber kept much pump and show. His intentions were ,however, brought to the fore when he discovered pockmarks on Bholi’s face. He took Ramlal aback by denying to marry Bholi but with the dowry of five thousand rupees. Thus his greed for money was unveiled .Ramlal, being a poor man had no ready cash. He fell on his knees, but this was of no avail. The publicly humiliation of Ramlal fell very heavy on Bholi. Ramlal , however, managed to get the money from somewhere. This made Bishamber approach Bholi with garland but Bholi turned the table at the right time. She rejected Bishamber to his utter disgrace
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Abhiley
Qno.1.Do you think Abhiley represents the simplicity of Ladhakhi women? Cite two examples of his innocence and ignorance from the text.
Ans.Abiley, by every means, represents the simplicity of Ladakhi women. She is illiterate, ignorant and lacks exposure. She has never traveled in the bus .She has only once been to the nearby town Leh. She doesn’t know anything about outside world. The backwardness of Ladakhi women is highlighted when all the male members of Abhiley’s family are seen bursting into laughter at Abhiley’s reaction to the earth quake in Turkey in which blesses for her grand daughter’s safety at Srinagar.
Abhiley’s simplicity and ignorance is again highlighted when Dolma says that she is from Delhi, and Abhiley exclaims with joy that she might have been meeting Rukhsana there. On Dolma’s explanation that Delhi and Srinagar are two different cities far away from each other , Abhiley becomes disappointed. Thus Abhiley’s simplicity and ignorance is flawless through out the story, and it is a great source of humor for the readers.

Qno.2.How will you estimate Abhiley’s response to modern technology?
Ans. Abhiley was very apprehensive about modern technology .She was least attracted towards it .When Abhiley was told that the bus in which Rukhsana Travelled Srinagar had broken down at Kargil, she wept bitterly and thought that Rukhsana would not have survived. Next, when she saw Dolma in modern dress, she asked her why she had worn such clothes.
Once Agu kept his gun in the kitchen , Abhiley kept a vigil on it lest any child should touch and explode it.
When Abhiley was taken to cinema, she had least attraction towards the moving images. She ,instead, complained more of head ache and vomiting. Thus whatever new technology Abhiley Came across, she was speculative about it.

                                                                              Generation Gap (Essay)
Generation gap is a term used to define the gap between generations in terms of their clash in opinions , attitudes, and behaviours. With new technologies, new ideas and new beliefs find the ground. As a result new generations are seen receptive to these new values where as the oldies find it difficult to accept them and adopt them. Thus the gap gets widened day by day.
One way to minimize this clash of opinions and beliefs is to narrow down the communication gap. Usually old people enjoy the company of the oldies where as the younger ones are seen hand and glove with youngsters. Two parallel ideologies are allowed to develop this way which do, by all means, widen the gap between the two generations. It is only by narrowing down this gap that the ideologies can be synthesized. Younger people , by according due respect to the old ones and giving them patient listening can make them find interest in them. Once the two generations start sharing views with each other in a cordial atmosphere, they can easily motivate each other to adopt the good values and perceptions of each other. The old people can also, by this attitude , adopt the modern technology with all ease and comfort.

                                            The Necklace
Character Sketch Of Matilda:
Matilda was a pretty young girl who always wished to marry a man either rich or distinguished. She would always think herself born for all delicacies and luxuries. The irony of fate , however , was always with this girl. Born to a family of clerks, she was also married to a petty clerk of education department. This ruined all the prospects of her happy married life.
Matilda could not help herself dreaming for elegant dinners, jewels , ornaments, and other luxuries She did always want to impress people with her beauty, but could hardly find such opportunities.
It was the invitation from the minister of Public Instructions to a dinner party that Matilda stole a pretence to showcase her beauty. She borrowed a beautiful necklace from one of her friends Mme Forester for the party.
Intoxicated with pride and pleasure , the beautiful lady in beautiful ornaments won all the praises of men. All the men at Party noticed her, asked her name, and wanted to be presented. It was a victory so complete and so sweet to her heart.
After the party was over, Matilda returned her home. She erected herself in front of the mirror to have a final look of her elegance. To her utter surprise, she found the necklace missing. She baffled and cried out to her husband. Both went out searching for it. After a rigorous search for a week they lost every hope of finding it . The couple now went to the jeweller to procure a similar necklace to be returned to Mme Forester. It cost the couple thirty six thousand Frances. The couple now managed somehow to borrow the money but they were in debt up to the ears.
To repay the debt Matilda and her husband did every thing that lied in their domain. They sent away the maid, changed their lodging, and rented some rooms at the attic.
Matilda learnt odious work of kitchen , washed dishes, and soiled linens in other houses. She would now take house refuse to street, go shopping and haggle with the grocers. She was now turned into a crude woman of poor household with virtually no charm to her share.
Matilda, after seeing herself ruined had enough time to think that she could have avoided her ruin if she had not borrowed the necklace for false show off.
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                                      Out Of Business
    Charactersketch of Rama Rao:
Rama Rao was a Malgodi agent in a gramophone company. He would earn a good living for his family. He had built a bungalow and was now thinking of buying a car. Fortune ,however , turned the tide, and Rama Rao lost his job. The gramophone company got collapsed, and Rama Rao found himself in the streets.
To curtail family expenses, Rama Rao sent away his cook and withdrew his children from the the Fashionable Nursery School .He also let out his bungalow.
Rama Rao went from office to office to find a new job which he and his family desperately needed. When his efforts got frustrated, he started looking for shortcuts. He found a cross word puzzle in a journal which offered an award of Rs.4000/= for every correct answer if it was chosen by a lucky draw. Rama Rao started counting his chickens before they were hatched. He used up every penny that was left with him on buying envelops with this hope that he would win the cash prize. When he finally awoke to the reality that he did never win any prize but destroyed every penny, he decided to end his life by suicide.
He slept on the railway track so that the train would run over him. He kept lying for hours but none of the trains ran on the track. By the end of the day he got to know that a goods’ train had derailed three stations and blocked the track. Rama Rao took the incident as God’s mercy, and returned home where his wife and children were still waiting his arrival .The family was waiting at the door to tell him the happy news that the tenants were now ready to buy their bungalow for four and a half thousand rupees .It was just a big invitation for Rama Rao. He got pleased and decided to Keep four thousand rupees for the family expenses, and barely Rs.500/= for himself to reach Madras because there were more prospects of good jobs for him.

The Servant

Character Sketch of Gerasim:
Gerasim was a young man who loved his ego very much. He did not want to be offended and made to feel disrespectful at any cost. He believed in hard work. He did always prefer to work in some city .Due to his bad luck he was summoned to his village for attending the military duties. He was ,however, spared from this thankless duty which resulted in his losing the job. Gresim thus became a burden upon his relatives which he never liked. He decided to go the city again but there were least chances this time to get some work to do. As he had no option left other than this, so he went to the city. One day while wandering for the job , he chanced to meet one of his native villagers. He was working as the coachman for some rich man .Grasim approached him with the plea that he was in great need for work. The coachman was known for his double standard. He pledged Gresim the favour, but this meant somebody’s termination from job. Same thing happened, and the coachman poisoned the ears of his master against the behaviour of an old worker Polykarph. He told him that the old man was unfit for the work. He poisoned his ears that the old man had saved enough money by false tactics, and that he needed to be expelled immediately.
The master could not find the head and tail of coachman’s story and expelled the poor old man from the job. Now Gresim was to take his place the next day .He was not aware of the false play of the coachman .With pleasant mood he left the coachman’s compartment , crossed the courtyard, and reached near a wretched cottage .Here Grasim heard some people heaving sighs for getting ruined .Grasim listened them whisper that the coachman had destroyed them. He heard an old man saying that they had no means left to live on, and that there were no prospects for him to get some other job .He heard some old woman lamenting and cursing the coachman for his double standard. This awoke the compassionate man in Grasim. He could understand that it was he who was actually going to steal their bread. He felt guilty, and gave up the idea of working at his place .He rushed back to the coachman and told him about his decision. Thus Grasim’s character ran in contrast with that of the coachman.

Dusk

Character Sketch Of Gortsby:
Gortsby was a common man. He had felt defeated in the struggle of life. He found nothing remarkable about his life. He wore shabby clothes and would walk with bowed shoulders .He had now decided to kill his time unnoticed and be unrecognized. He would visit the park in the wee hours of night.
Gortsby had very watchful eyes. The traffic movements viewed from the park would make him muse a lot. He would feel that the people in vehicles had steering of their life in their own hands .One particular evening ,Gortsby came to the park and sat on a bench. After a while an old man came and sat on the same bench next to him. Gortsby wanted to talk to him but the old man left the place instantly .Then a young man came to sit on the bench. Gortsby looked at him keenly and thought why a young man had chosen wee hours to visit the park. He concluded that he might also have accepted the defeat from life. Gortsby thus found a reason to initiate a gossip to kill the time. He instantly asked the youth that there was some reason that he was looking uncomfortable .The youth also felt an opportunity and answered that he had so many reasons to feel desperate . He had lost his way to the hotel where he had his luggage, and purse. He added that he had no money with him, and that he had left the hotel in order to buy a cake of soap from the market. Gortsby felt that the youth was trying to appear over smart .He instantly asked him where the soap was by then.. The youth searched his pockets but there was none. Gortby showed the youth out for his lies. He had now the air of smartness on him. Only after a minute or two ,Gortsby found a cake of soap near the bench. He felt guilty, and went to find out the young man. He could fish him out near a garage. He approached him and sought his forgiveness, returned him the soap, and gave him some money.
Now the defeated man , Gortsby came again to sit on his bench .He found the old man again here searching for something under and near the bench. Gortsby asked him what he was searching for. The old man replied that he had lost his soap somewhere near that bench. Gortsby felt astonished for he had been betrayed by his wit.

                                                                         The Proposal
Character Sketch Of Natalya:
Natalya is the only daughter of a Russian land owner named Chubukov. She is twenty five years old. She has tremendous hunger for having a love affair .She is ,however, very quarrelsome and makes hill out of a mole .Her father calls her a love-sick cat.
Natalya has very softness towards her neighbour, Lomov whom she wants to court. Lomov is equally a big land owner.
One evening Lomov visits Natalya’s house in a dashing dress to propose Natalya. Natalya gets very impressed with his dress and asks him if he plans to go some night club .Her father ,however, understands the plans of the youth .He leaves the duo alone to go ahead with the proposal. Lomov finds no courage to initiate, and baffles. Finally he picks the thread   and makes the mention of his oxen meadows. The word ‘his’ makes Natalya outrageous .She warns Lomov against claiming oxen meadows. Lomov feels offended and a quarrel takes place. The duo exchange impolite language. Chubukov , However, interferes and pacifies them. He whispers   Natalya the plan of Lomov. Natalya gets emotional and asks her father to get Lomov back to her room.
Lomov is again brought to the fore but he fails once more to deliver. He makes the mention of the breed of their family dogs and finds again himself in deep waters .He claims that his dog is of high breed, while as Natalya’s dog has nothing special to talk about. Natalya loses her temper again and falls heavy on Lomov. She descends   to indecency which is retaliated by Lomov. Chubukou sees the opportunity to take Natalya’s side. Lomov fails to make his point and is knocked down unconscious. Natalya and her father makes efforts to bring him to wits ,but they fail .As a last resort Chubukov takes Natalya by her hand and puts her hand in Lomov’s hand . He shouts in the ears of Lomov that Natalya is ready to take him as her husband. This exclamation does wonder. Life returns to Lomov’s body again, and the duo hug each other and exchange kisses to their hearts’ fill.

Character Sketch Of Lomov:
Lomov is the hero of the play, ‘The proposal’. He is a big landowner. He is much attracted towards Natalya and wants to propose her as early as possible .Lomov is already thirty five and does not want any further delay in his marriage .He is ,however, too shy to propose Natalya .One evening he gathers the courage and drops in Natalya’s house. His dress impresses Natalya very much. He finds Natalya in isolation. What a chance to propose the girl! But he loses the track .Instead of proposing the girl straight way, he chooses the topic of his inherited land. He makes the mention of his oxen meadows which brings him a great trouble. Natalya is offended by Lomov’s claim on her oxen meadows. The quarrel starts and the proposal remains far from pronouncing.
Lomov has so many health problems. He suffers a lot by his sudden palpitations. His head as well as his shoulders ache severely during the night. Lomov tries to hide his ailments from all.
Lomov’s health problems are , however , brought to the fore when he baffles to propose, and beats about the bush before Natalya .After the mention of oxen meadows, he once again mistakes, and boasts of his family dog to be of higher breed than that of Natalya’s dog. On the mention of dogs Natalya loses her temper and curses Lomov for his irresponsible arguments. The quarrel is intensified and much indecency is exchanged .Lomov is knocked down unconscious as he experiences stroke. The dying man’s plight ,however, brings dismay to the father and daughter.
Lomov’s unconsciousness, however, proves bliss in disguise for him. Chubukov finds no resort other than to shout in Lomov’s ears that Natalya is ready to make him her husband. Lomov regains his life.The duo exchange kisses to their heart’ fill and have enough romance to cleanse their hearts of the hatred.
‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’
For any confusion about the content of these notes, or BOSE paper formats , feel comfortable to contact me on the address bellow—
Tariq Ahmad Malik. Tr. HSS Behrampora. R/O: Behrampora(Raffiabad).
E.mail: HYPERLINK "mailto:taraiq@gmail.com" taraiq@gmail.com, Taraiq @rediffmail.com, HYPERLINK "mailto:behrampora@gmail.com" behrampora@gmail.com.
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Poetry Section
Poetry is the spontaneous outflow of powerful feelings. It takes its origin from emotions recollected in tranquillity. Poetry is imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke emotive responses. Poetry, according to Robert Frost, is what gets lost in translation .Poetry is said to be painting with the gift of speech.

Prayer
Summary:
The poet (G. A.Mahjoor ) implores his Lord to lead him to the path of truth. He has been, since long past, dwelling in the house of ignorance, so he requests his Lord to pour upon him the nectar of knowledge .He wants his Lord to be receptive to his wailings and pleas, and give him rid of all ills and pains. He implores Him to be always kind to him so that he will never feel himself in want. He pathetically requests Him to save him from sloth , infirmity , and doubt, and surcharge his heart with passion, zest and hope.
The poet begs his Lord to spare him from chanting sleep inducing tales, and instead let him sing such songs that will infuse life into the dead. He wants his songs should inspire the people with love and remove hatred from them. He aspires his life should flourish with spring blossoms and it be spared from stifling heat of summer. He wants to be awaken with flowers in the first stroke of dawn.
The poet does also implore his Lord not to put him to harsh tests lest his human form should be put to shame. The poet has always felt being deserted by the people so he implores his Lord not to desert him .
Qno.1. Which way the poet implores his Lord to lead him to?
Ans. The poet implores his Lord to lead him to the way of truth.
Qno.2. Name the blessings that the poet prays for?
Ans. The poet prays for the way of truth .He prays for the nectar of knowledge .He prays that his heart be surcharged with passion , zest and hope.
Qno.3. What is it that the poet wants to sing?
Ans. The poet wants to sing those songs which will infuse life into the dead, and will inspire people with love.
Qno.4. “Subject me not to the trials, shame not my human form”, explain?
Ans. The poet shows his humble submission before his Lord. He knows that if his Lord puts him to the trials, he is sure to collapse. Hence he begs his Lord to spare him from the trials because he is sure to fail, and this way his human form be ashamed.
Qno.5. Identify the similes’ and metaphors in the poem ‘prayer’.
Ans. The only simile in the poem is- ‘Like dew how long shall I wait for the first flash of the sun’.
There are, however, many metaphors , which are-
Dwell in ignorance; Nectar of knowledge; The way of truth; You are my hope and trust; You brought me to bloom.
Poem No .2 Miracles
The poet surprises to see the people getting excited about miracles. He thinks that the miracles are usual phenomenon for him. He feels that walking the streets of Manhattan, darting the sight over sky- scrapers, wading with naked feet along the beech , standing under shady trees , and talking to the beloved ones are not less miracles.
Sitting on the dinner table with the rest, looking at the strangers driving subway cars, watching honey bees buzz, and animals graze in the open fields are not less miracles for the poet. The sunset point, the shine of the stars, the delicately thin curve of the new moon are not less miracles for watchful eyes.
Whitman finds miracles in every thing- be it an hour of light and dark, cubic inch of earth’s surface, or its internal swarms.
The poet feels it a miracle to see fishes swim ,the huge rocks silent, the waves moving, and the ships ferrying the men.
The poet asks what strange miracles are there for which the people get excited, and turn blind eye to this world of real miracles.
Qno.1. What does Walt Whitman think about miracles?
Ans. Walt Whitman thinks that miracles do not happen seldom , but are rampant and recurring in nature. He confronts with miracles at every step in his routine life.
Qno.2. What are man-made miracles enlisted in the poem?
Ans. The manmade miracles enlisted in the poem include- the streets of Manhattan, Sky scrappers of Newyork. beeches , Love gossips, sitting around the dining table, sub way car riding etc.
Qno.3. What are the natural miracles mentioned in the poem?
Ans. The natural miracles mentioned in the poem include – The buzz of honey bees, sundown scenery, shine of the stars, delicate curve of the new moon, every hour of light and dark, internal swarms of the earth, Fishes, silent rocks and ships sailing in the seas.
Qno.4. What do the lines about Manhattan and subway cars tell about Whitman’s feeling for people?
Ans .Whitman gets excited to see the over-crowded streets of Manhattan. He is equally excited to see the people ridding the subway cars looking at one another and exchanging smiles .Thus Whitman feels that people usually bypass the muse of the real miracles, and instead talk very high of supernatural miracles.
Qno.5. What are the images used in the poem?
Ans. The poem ‘Miracles’ is full of visual images. Some of these include-* skyline of tall buildings,* wading with naked feet. * standing under shades of trees. * looking at strangers ridding subway cars. * watching honey bees buzz, and animals grazing in the fields.
Poem No.3 –When you are old
Summary:
The poem is addressed to Maud Gonne, the beloved of the poet, W.B. Yeats .The poet addresses her saying when she will get old, She will have grey hairs and drowsy eyes .She will be full of sleep Sitting near the fire , she would be nodding her head. This will be the time when she will take down his book to read.
The poet believes that his poetry will bring Maud Gonne to recall her past . She will think of her soft looks , beautiful eyes having deep shadows. She will think of her moments of glad grace. She will think of the lovers who would once line up to have her glimpse. She will think of their love. In the crowd of her lovers she will also recall one passionate lover who loved her for her inner beauty, pilgrim soul, and changing shadows of her face.
The poet believes that while bending down near the glowing fire in the oven she will heave a cool sigh saying how love fled and deserted her .She will think of the false lovers who would love her just for her beauty and will find them nowhere around her .She will , however, trace the face of the only true lover amid the crowd of shining stars.
Qno.1. How is the journey from youth to old age described in the poem?
Ans. The poet describes the period of youth as prised with physical charms, attractive eyes, pleasant feeling of love etc, while as it describes the old age in terms of grey hairs, drowsiness, sorrow, and desolation.
Qno.2. What does the phrase full of sleep mean?
Ans.The phrase ‘ full of sleep’ has a symbolic meaning. It points to death. The drowsiness suggests that there is no life left in the body.
Qno.3. How is the poet’s love different from those who also loved his beloved?
Ans.The poet’s love stands different from those of the other lovers. Others loved his beloved for her soft looks, charming eyes, and physical beauty. The poet loved his beloved for her pilgrim soul, and inner beauty. His love was spiritual, while as others was sensual.
Qno4. What is Maud Gonne reminded of in the poem?
Ans. Maud Gonne is reminded of her physical charms and her false lovers. She is also reminded of her only true lover who would love her for her pilgrim soul. Others love was short lived while as the poet’s love persisted to bloom.
Qno.5. ‘But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you’.Explain.
Ans.The line describes that there was only one lover who loved Maud Gonne truely. He loved her for her inner beauty which did remain intact for the whole life. His love persisted even when she turned grey and ugly while as those whose love was false distanced themselves when her beauty had lived its days.
Qno.6. What images does the poet use in the poem?
Ans. The poet uses following images in the poem-grey hair, full of sleep, nodding by the fire, deep shadows of eyes, sorrow of changing face, glowing bars etc.
Poem No – 4 Speak Up
Summary:
Speak Up is a beautiful expression of the poet to defy oppression. It is a poem of profound meaning and morale that intends to give voice to the voiceless.
The poet instigates the people to raise their voice against the oppression. He tells them that their lips are not sealed, so they should speak out their inner voice. They posses strong and upright bodies. Their souls and conscience still belong to them. They should thus speak up with all their might lest they should lose their opportunity.
The poet magnifies the high handedness’ of the oppressor by creating different visual images. He imperates upon his country men to look at the smithy and its red oven and fierce flames. This smithy is producing padlocks and fetters for the oppressed people. The padlocks keep their mouths wide open to arrest them and the fetters are dodging around to chain them.
The poet makes strong pleas to his people to speak up because the time is running out. He wants them to speak that the truth is still alive, and make their point before the blossom of their life fades away.
Qno.1. The poet instigates the reader to speak up. Why does he do so?
Ans. The poet instigates the reader to speak up because he knows that it is only the strong and powerful voice of the people that can give them the rid of the exploitation.
Qno.2. The poet addresses the reader to come up with truth. How does he do so?
Ans. The poet addresses the reader to come up with truth . The reader can do so by his powerful and determined voice against the oppressor. The truth may bring him the hardships but it is the only means to sabotage the oppression.
Qno.3. How will the chains break?
Ans. The chains will break when the oppressed people defy the oppression and become one voice against the oppressor. It is only when they speak up their true sentiments, the chains will break.
Qno.4. Why does the poet urge the reader to speak up now?
Ans. The poet urges the reader to speak up now because time is running out , and there are padlocks and fetters dodging around him.
Qno.5. Do you think speak up is an effort of the poet to give voice to the voiceless? How ?
Ans. ‘Speak up’ is, beyond all doubts, an effort of the poet to give voice to the voiceless. These lines make a dig in the mind, heart, and conscience of the voiceless people. The poet, by these lines ,motivates the people to resist the oppression by raising their strong and powerful voices.
Qno.6. What are the metaphors used in the poem?
Ans. The metaphors used in the poem are-
Look at the smithy, its red oven, fierce flames.
The padlocks are already opening their mouths.
Each fetter is skirting around.
Poem No .5 “Snowdrop”
Summary:
The poem describes the way The winter has reduced the horizon. He feels that the globe has shrunk so tight that it has held the field mouse in its tight grip and has dulled its heart with intense cold. The movements of weasel and crow are so rare that it appears that these scavengers have been moulded in brass. The poet also portrays how birds have got killed mercilessly by the severity of the winter.
The poet ,however, magnifies how the snowdrop carries out her plans despite all its delicacies withstanding the harshness of winter. The flower is as emotionless and brutal as the stars during the winter. The flower has got its pale metal head so strong that it shoots up with all ease and comfort through frost hardened ground. Thus the snowdrop alone has won the race against the winter.
Qno.1.l How has nature shrunk the globe?
Ans. Nature has shrunk the globe by exposing it to harsh coldness , snow and frost. The animals and birds are simply restricted in their respective homes.
Qno.2. What has dulled the mouse’s heart?
Ans. It is the severe winter that has dulled the mouse’s heart.
Qno.3. What suffering do the animals undergo in the poem?
Ans. Animals undergo many suffering during the winter.
a)They go in hibernation.
b )Their movements are held up.
c) They are frozen dead on the frosty ground.
d) They no longer scurry or fly.
Qno.4.Pick out images from the poem?
Ans. a) Nature, mouse, weasel, crow, snowdrop.
b) universe, globe, outer darkness, stars.
c) metal, brass.
Poem No.6.( My Mother At Sixty Six)
Summary:
Kamala Das has , in this poem, given a sentimental account of a daughter who thinks her mother is fastly approaching to the death.
The poet was driving to Cochin airport with her mother sitting beside her .She saw her mother dosing with her mouth wide open .Her face was looking as pale as she was virtually a corpse. She realised with pain that her mother’s days were numbered. She , however, tried to avoid this thought and started looking outside the car. Here she met with vivid sights. She noticed the young trees running past her car all along the road. She could see the young children spilling out of their homes and making merry in the open fields. She could find the difference between life and death. She could think that the trees and the children were full of life and vitality, while as her mother had no life left in her fragile body .Her analyses was , however, brought to the halt when she reached the airport, and was asked to queue up for the security check up. Here again the poet could not help herself to look at her mother’s face. She was, by now, a late winter moon with its light close to its hem. The unprovoked childhood fears again crept in her mind. The agony of her separation shadowed her heart and mind .She did , however , hide everything under her smiles which she extended her mother while bidding her last goodbye. She uttered a phrase ‘see you soon Amma’ which she did not expect to happen for her mother was too weak to carry the burden of life too long.
Qno.1.How does the poet describe her mother in this poem?
Ans.The poet describes her mother as being very old and clumsy. She keeps no dosing .Her ashen face makes her look like a corpse.
Qno.2. Why does the poet look out side? What activities does he see out side the car window?
Ans.The poet looks out side the car window to avoid thinking about her mother’s looks. She watches the young trees sprinting, and the merry children spilling out of their homes.
Qno.3.Whyb are the young trees in the poem described as sprinting?
Ans.The young trees are described as sprinting all along the road because they appear so while we ride a vehicle. Metaphorically young trees are full of energy that makes them run.
Qno.3. Why is the mother compared to the late winter moon?
Ans.The mother is compared to the late winter moon for many reasons. Late winter moon is pale, colourless and lifeless. Same holds true for the aged mother.
Qno.4. What childhood fears do you think the poet is referring in the poem?
Ans.The poet refers to the childhood fears looming in the mind of the daughter. She dreads her separation which is deep rooted in her.
Qno.5.What does Kamla Das do after security check up? What does she notice?
Ans. During the security check up Kamla Das notices her mother’s face again. It appears to her as if she is late winter moon. She realises that her mother is fastly approaching to death. She ,however, smiles at her and bids goodbye warmly.
Qno.5. ‘But all I said , ‘see you soon amma’. Explain.
Ans.The poet actually feels that she will never see her mother again because of her physical features.. She smiles at her mother to show her love . She tries to hide childhood fears in her smile.

Poem No. 7 (An Evening Wet With Rain).
Summary:
The poet shares his experiences of a rainy evening. He walks through a lane and finds himself all alone in the twilight .Initially the rain and the breeze makes him feel good. His heart suggests him to hold the rain drops with love, and his mind perceives the noticeable signals that the breeze produces .The poet is clueless whether to Wet himself in the rain or waft with the wind .The 0poet watches the windows, doors, curtains etc of the nearby houses getting wet. He watches cool breezes stirring the leaves of the banyan tree. He is every inch wet now. The collar of his coat is wet. The water seeping through his shoes has made his feet cold. There is the reign of silence. He does feel sleepy and feverish. The ground is slippery and his mind desperately needs some where to rest.
The poet reflects upon the damn evening and thinks that his life is as grim as the evening. Hopelessness has darkened the evening of his life. Cloud of misery makes him shed tears. The utter disappointment has held him by his arms.
The poet recalls his childhood when he would enjoy keeping alone in his courtyard .The breeze would bring him the music of cymbals. He regrets those joyful days which were not liable to be called back.
The poet feels that the evening is drowning in the lap of the night, and the shadow have gathered into its dark tank.. He does ,however, trace out some electric blubs being lighted in some houses. He sees moon light holding the hem of the moon. But in this desolation he feels that there is no house to let him in other than a wayward modest inn where an earthen lamp is twinkling and waiting him.
Qno.1. What are the memories the poet talks about in the poem?
Ans. The poet talks about the memories of his childhood when he would stand alone in his courtyard watching the breeze bringing the sound of cymbals. He wants to call back those happy moments.
Qno.2. What kind of atmosphere is created in the poem?
Ans. The poem presents the atmosphere of a rainy evening. There is darkness all around, and there is perfect silence. The poet feels that his life’s evening is equally dark with troubles and misfortunes.
Qno.3. What makes the poet tired?
Ans.It is water seeping through his shoes that makes his eyes heavy, body feverish, and mind exhausted. He desperately needs some spot to rest.
Qno.3. What has darkened the evening of poet’s life?
Ans.Loss of hope , troubles, and misfortunes have darkened the evening of poet’s life.
Qno.4. Discuss the poet’s regret in the poem?
Ans. The poet regrets not to see his childhood days returning. He wants to call back times past and gone.
Qno.5. Comment on the imagery used in the poem ?
Ans.The whole poem is a word painting- be it evening wet with rain, walking down the lane, beckoning the hands, wafting with the wind, or the windows and the doors getting wet. The water seeping through shoes, slippery ground , and lap of night etc are vivid images.
Poem No8 (The Tale Of Custard-The Dragon)
Summary:
Belinda lived in a little white house along with his friends which included a little black kitten, a little grey mouse, a little yellow dog, and a little pet dragon. This animal family had also a little red wagon. While the kitten, the mouse ,and the dog were hilarious creatures, the dragon was very coward. The dragon would always cry for nice safe cage. Custard , as Belinda would call his dragon was ,however, a fierce looking animal. He had big sharp teeth, spikes on its back, scales underneath .His mouth was like a fire place, his nose like that of a chimney, and his toes like daggers.
The animals would always boost of their bravery. Blinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears. The kitten and the mouse would chase the lions down the stairs. Mustard, the dog was as brave as the tiger in rage.
Blinda tickled the dragon mercilessly saying that it was a percival. At this all other animals giggled to their hearts’ fill .All of sudden a nasty sound was heard, and a pirate was seen holding two pistols in two hands and a dagger in his mouth. It was the sure test to the courage of the so called brave animals. The dog barked and fled away. The kitten miawed and ran tom safety. The mouse ran strategically to its hole. The poor dragon was left alone to face the wrath of the pirate.
The dragon gathered the courage , roared like an engine, clashed his tale and clattered. The pirate felt horrified , took an alcohol drink and fired the dragon twice. The dragon was outraged and he gobbled the pirate every bit. The other animals watched the scene from a distance. They now came running and embraced the dragon. They did not give up the stake of bravery and provided many pretences of their running from the spot. The dragon was now expected to give air to himself. But to the surprise of all, he again cried for the nice fine cage. The animals kept living together ever since this episode.
Qno.1. Who are the characters of the poem? List their pet names as well.
Ans. The characters of the poem are -1).Little black kitten called Ink.(2).Little grey mouse called Blink.(3).Little yellow dog called Mustard.(4). Little pet dragon called Dragon.
Qno.2.Why did Custard cry for nice safe cage?
Ans. Custard cried far a safe cage because he was coward, and had threat that some animal may not harm him anytime.
Qno.3 Why is the dragon called coward?
Ans.The dragon was called coward because he lacked courage and did always cry for a safe cage.
Qno.4.Blinda tickled him and he tickled him unmerciful? Why?
Ans. Blinda tickled the dragon because he was not showing any interest in fun making .Thus by tickling he was teased and was made into a laughing stock for other animals.
Qno.5.Do you find the tale of custard a serious poem? Why?
Ans. The tale of custard, the dragon is not a serious poem .It is rather a humorous poem. The animals presented in the poem can never live as a family, and the dragon is never expected to be coward. The plot of the poem is aimed at creating humour.
Qno.6. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?
Ans.The rhyme scheme of the poem is -aa,bb,cc.
Qno.7. Pick out the lines from the poem that contain simile?
Ans.1) The little yellow dog was sharp as mustard.(2).Blinda was as brave as barrel full of bears.(3).Snorting like an engine.(4).He went on the pirate like a robin on the worm.
Qno.8. What images does the poet use in the poem?
Ans.The poet has used visual and sound images lavishly. Visual images of Ink and Blink while chasing the lion down the stairs. The physical features of custard are made vivid .The visual images of pirate are also seen. The sound images of the dragon while jumping upon the pirate are invariably fantastic.
Qno.9. Which line is used as the refrain of the poem?
Ans .Refrain means repetition of a line at the end of each stanza of a poem .In this poem the refrain line is –“realio, trilio, dragon”.
Poem No 9   From I Explain A Few Things             [Pablo Naruda]
Summary:
The poet lived in a quarter in Madrid. The city had beautiful bell-towers ,clocks and a vast expanse of trees. From his quarter the poet could see the remains of Castile Kingdom. This fifteenth century kingdom was would loo0k like a sea of leather .There would be much hustle and bustle. The poet had a beautiful house. It had all the attractions of Spain in it. His friends would call it the house of flowers. One could see geraniums blooming and stretching beyond balconies of the house. The light of June would drown these flowers in to the mouths of his friends, and they all would write the poetry of sweet dreams .The weather vane installed at the skyline of the house would lose its energy in showing the direction of wind for romantic poets. But....,this all is now a history .The poet narrates all this to his deceased friends on their graves and calls them to attest his claim. He reminds them of the bumper crops of potatoes and tomatoes stretched down to the sea. This way he wants to convey how peaceful and prosperous Spain was before the destruction of war.
It was one fatal morning , every thing was burnt as if it was unwanted waste. Men were put to death, and planes and moors were bathed with blood. Violent criminals and hooligans put the children to death. There blood was made to flow through the streets. The young ruffians destroyed the works of art, the property, and the beauties of nature. As Irony had it, these jackals enjoyed the blessing of Dukes and monks. The winked people like jackals drove away stones .they were as bad as poisonous snakes .There was all around the smoke of destruction in view.
The poet ,however, expects that Spain will rise again .From every dead child a gun with eyes will rise. From every crime bullets will rise and put the jackals and their vipers to death. The poet explains that it is impossible for him to return to the composition of romantic poetry as long as his country is not given rid of blood shed .He hopes that his country will rise again to see its old glory returning.
Qno.1. Why does the poet use the title ‘I explain a few things’?
Ans.The poet wants to explain why doesn’t he compose romantic poems .He explains that he can not do so because of the bloodshed, destruction , and devastation of Spain due to civil war.
Qno.2. What are the memories that the poet talks about in the poem/
Ans. The poet talks about the glorious past of Spain which was symbolising prosperity, beauty, and promising future. He talks about his house, and about his bosom friends who got killed in the civil war.
Qno.3. What happened latter and why?
Ans. The civil war broke in Spain and devastated   every structure .Children were killed and the natural beauty trampled .It were the young ruffians ,hooligans and violent criminals who brought about this destruction. These people enjoyed the patronage of Dukes and the blessings of Monks.
Qno.4. Why doesn’t the poet write the poetry of dreams?
Ans. The poet doesn’t write the poetry of sweet dreams because he finds the streets of his homeland bathed in blood. The blood of innocent children and pain’s posterity is gushing from every outlet.
Qno5. Explain the lines-
My house was named..............the house of flowers....moment blood.
Ans. In these lines the poet says that his house was called the house of flowers because it had geraniums every where in its courtyard. The house had beautiful balconies ,and would present a pleasing and attractive look.
Qno.6.How has the civil war affected Spain?
Ans. The civil war has destroyed Spain badly. The works of art , the beauties of nature, and public and private property etc have been devastated. Many noted poets have been brutally killed. The children have been assassinated, and their blood has been streamed on every street.
Qno.7. Pick out at least two symbols used by the poet, and tell what they refer to ?
Ans. Two symbols used by the poet are—(1).Jackals symbolising bad people, and(2).Fire symbolising devastation.
Qno.8. Pick out the images from the poem.
Ans .There are two types of images in the poem-Images of peace, And images of war.
(1).Images of peace:
a) Every where geraniums exploded.
b) Light of June drowned flowers in your mouth.
c) Potatoes and tomatoes multiplied down the sea.
(2).Images of War:
A ) bonfires leapt from the earth devouring beings.
b) the blood of children flowed easily.
c) stones that the dry thistle would bite and spit out vipers.
d) from every dead house burning metal flows in place of flowers.
Last lesson of the Afternoon
Summary:
The poem opens in the tone of perfect tiredness and boredom on the part of the teacher. The teacher is in the last lesson of the afternoon. He waits the bell very anxiously to the bell. He has failed to impress his pupil to learn. For him the pupil are no better than the unruly hounds who tug their leashes to run away .They have no inclination towards knowledge and the teacher has utterly failed to haul them. None of his sixty six students is attentive, or interested to learn .He doesn’t want to consume his energy anymore on them .In spite of the best efforts and painstaking attitude of the teacher the students are not ready to shed their cold indifference. This hurts the dignity and self respect of the teacher. He feels insulted to persist in the class.
The teacher finally decides that he will not bother any more whether his students learn anything or not. Therefore he sits and waits the bell to shed his boredom and monotony.
Qno.1.What is the tone in the opening line of the poem?
Ans. In the opening line of the poem, there is a tone of perfect tiredness and boredom on the part of the teacher.
Qno.2. What are the pupils regarded as? Why has the teacher failed to haul them and urge them any more?
Ans. The pupils are regarded As the pack of unruly hounds who tug their leashes to flee from the class. The teacher has failed to haul them because they are least interested in acquiring knowledge.
Qno.3. Who is the speaker of the poem?
Ans.The speaker of the poem is a teacher.
Qno.4. Which words and phrases in stanza.2   convey the mood of the speaker?
Ans. Phrase: No longer now, brunt of the books, what good to, it is all my aunt etc.
Words: Endure, sick, heap, insults etc.
Qno.5. why doesn’t the speaker want to consume his energy any more?
Ans. the speaker doesn’t want to consume his energy any more because his pupil are not willing to shed their cool indifference towards knowledge.
Qno.6. What do you think ‘toll of their insults in punishment’ means?
Ans. It is the disregard and the indifference on part of the pupil towards the painstaking efforts of their teacher that brings the teacher feel the toll of insults to bepiled upon him.His dignity and self respect is hurt , and he feels it a bitter punishment for him.
Qno.7. why does the teacher feel that his teaching and pupils’ learning are both purpose less? Pick out the words and phrases which show that he shares his pupils’ indifference to their work?
Ans. The teacher feels that his teaching and pupils’ learning are both purposeless because the pupils’ are least interested in learning. The phrases that depict this are—a)what do I care. b)what is the point of teaching of mine. c) all goes down the same abyss. The words include—waste, amiss, goes down, abyss etc.
Qno.8. Do you find any connection between the beginning and the end of the poem?
Ans. Yes, there is a strong connection between the beginning and the end of the poem. The teacher , in the beginning, starts with a tired tone because of his past experiences of the class . He , however, tries his best to bring the students to learn but finds no improvement in their attitude .Thus he gives in and waits the bell to be rung.
Qno.9.What is the metaphor used by the poet in stanza -1?
Ans. In stanza -1, the teacher has been considered as a hunter and his pupils as the pack of unruly hounds. It is an extended metaphor.
Qno.10. Identify the metaphor in stanza-3?
Ans. “ dear fuel of life” is the metaphor used in stanza –3.
Incase the students need more notes, they can drop an email, or make phonic contact. The previous years papers are also recommended for practice
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Additional Questions

Q. How was Shahid’s reputation as a teacher among his students?
Ans. Aga Shahid Ali had groomed himself into a great reader and poet.He was much sociable and would give great regard to his friends, relatives and students. When Shahid would enter his class he would always display decent behaviors. His students would feel honored to have him as their teacher. He was such a sort of teacher who would keep the curiousity of his students always alive.From start to end he would act as sparking diva.His style of teaching had enough of laughter and nakhra.He would show tremendous favour for the students hailing from the Indian sub continent. His students would adore him invariably and had recognized his great expertise at teaching by printing a magazine and dedicating the issue to him.Though Shahid knew that his days were numbered ,he never allowed this affect his teaching any way.

Q. Pick out the elements of irony in “Pappachi,s Moth”?
Ans. Pappachi,s Moth presents much of irony .In the beginning of the story, we are told how Pappachi discovered a new species of moth and wanted taxonomic attention. Despite being at the rank of Joint Director at Pusa Institute, he was madeto wait for six long months ,and finally told that that the moth had nothing in it to be termed as another species.But when Pappachi retired the same moth was again examined ,and this time termed as a separate species and genus hither to unknown to science.The irony of the fact was that it was now named after the acting director of the Department of Entomology, a junior officer whom Pappchi always disliked. This episode was enough to make Pappachi ill-humoured , and in the later phase of his life ,he started disregarding every support extended to him by his family mates. When Mammachi started her pickle making business and tried to strengthen the financial position of the family,Pappachi started back-biting her and beating her every evening. He would lend his neighbours the perception that his wife didn’t take his care.This is the biggest irony of the story.

Q. How did Mammachi stand out as an independent and resilient woman in the text?
Ans: When Pappachi retired from his job ,the family had very weak financial position .Pappachi, being mentally disturbed was having trouble coping with the ignominy of retirement. In the face of the situation Mammachi took responsibility to make her family recover from difficult situation. She started making pickles, and sold them on orders in different fares. Soon her banana jam and tender mango pickles became the talk of the town. Mammachi, in very less time ,had a good business. She engaged many men and supervised the work by herself. She was thus successful in bringing the family back to a financially strong position. This resilient woman could never find her husband helping in her work.Instead her husband would beat her for being the centre of attention in the whole neighbourhood. Mammachi, however, stood composed and saved her family from getting disintegrated.

Q. Why do you think Kisa Gotami understood this only the second time? In what way did Buddha change her understanding?
Ans. Kisa Gotami understood the second time that death was common to all. Intially she was only concerned about the death of her own child but when Buddha asked her to procure a handful of mustard from a house when no one had ever lost a child, husband, parent,or friend, she got the same answer that there were so many who had died and that the living were few. This answer from every house made Kisa Gotami realize that she was selfish in her grief and that death was common to all. She thought it a better option to surrender her selfishness.

Q. How does Mr. Bennet react to the plan designed by his wife?
Ans.Mr Bennit was amongst the earliest of those who waited on Mr Bingley.He had always intended tovisit him,though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go .Mr Bennet,Infact, had a very loving family.He enjoyed kidding his family members, and raising the fret and fume of his wife.He would enjoy his wife’s accusitions that he had no love forhis daughters.He wanted to break the the news after his wife had exhausted all her patience.In the end when Mrs Bennet seemed to haveyielded, he broke the news .He gave them an utter surprise to the best satisfaction of his wife who cried to her daughters that they had got the world’s most excellent father.

Q. The land lord’s wife was convinced that Griffen was an eccentric scientist? What made her think of Griffen in these terms?
Ans: The land lord’s wife was convinced that Griffen was an eccentric scientist for host of reasons. He had uncommon appearance.He didn’t have any desire to talk.He asked for solititude. Despite having no work, he asked the land lord’s wife not to disturb him in his work. Besides all this strange behaviours he had paid her the rent in advance.Thus the land lord’s wife had a good reason to think of Griffen as being an eccentric scientist who had arrived in the inn in winter when nobody would usually stay there.

Q: Mrs Hall almost fell down the stairs in hysterics. Pick out the elements of humour from what follows this incident?
Ans: Mrs Hall almost fell down the stairs in hysterics. She was convinced that the room was haunted by spirits, and that the stranger had somehow caused these to enter into her furniture.Mrs Hall had earlier been pushed out of the room by a cheer that stood in the room.She now started moaning saying her poor mother would sit in that chair and she had never expected it to rise up against her.The neighbours thought it could possibly be caused by the witch craft. But when the news of burglary became known, the scientist was suspected, having hand in this extra-ordinary affair.Thus the reader’s mind feasts on a good count of humour.

Q: The course of Loisel’s life changes due to the Necklace- Comment.
Ans: Matilda was a pretty girl, born in a family of clerks. She did always want to be loved and married by a man either rich, or distinguished. This, however, never happened .She had always dreamt high and this would never allow her to be happy with her state of affairs. Matilda would ,however, afford to live a peaceful life, but one episode of her life changed the whole course of her life.It was a welcome invitation to the ministerial party .She thought dancing in such a party of elite people would make her into a known figure. So she borrowed a diamond necklace and adored herself for the party. She danced and attracted every man towards her.She was enjoying complete success, but when she returned home, she found her necklace missing. The couple started looking for it ,but could not find it out.Ultimately they borrowed money from all possible sources on ruinous promises, and got the necklace replaced for 36000 Francs. In order to repay the debt,both husband and wife worked overtime and went for even odious work.It took the Loisels complete ten years to repay the debt .At the end of the tenth year Matilda had changed into a crude woman. She was doomed by a small wish of posing false appearance.

Q:Discuss the climax and anti-climax of the short story “The Necklace”.
Ans: The short story “ The Necklace”,reaches its climax when Matilda betook herself to the ministers ball.She felt herself tobe the prettiest of all elegant, gracious ,smiling and full of joy girls.All the men noticed her ,asked her name,and wanted to be presented by her. She danced with enthusiasm, intoxicated with pleasure ,thinking of nothing but all this admiration. This victory was so complete and sweet toher heart.
The anti-climax of the story was reached when Matilda removed the wrappers from her shoulders before the mirror, for a final view of herself in her glory.She was shocked that the necklace was no more there around her neck.The loss of the borrowed necklace for the poor lady brought about all the tragedy to her and ruined her life to the core.

Q: Discuss the climax and anti –climax of the short story “Bholi”.
Ans: The short story “Bholi” ,finds its anti climax when Bholi was clad in a red silken bridal dress, and was led to the bride’s place near the sacred fire.While garlanding the bride ,the groom found that Bholi had pock marks on her face , and refused to marry her.This brought utter disgrace to the bride and her father Ram lal. Ram lal put his turban at the feet of the groom and requested him not to humiliate him.The groom could ,however, be motivated only after Ramlal managed to arrange the dowry of Rs:5000.
The story, however, reaches its climax in an unexpected manner. When the groom ,after receiving the money, raised the garland to put it round the neck of the bride, she snatched the garland and threw it in the fire .she cried out saying her father to take back his money as she would not marry such a mean, greedy, and unworthy man.She would, instead, serve her parents in their old age , and would teach in the village high school to earn her living.

Q:    Discuss about the irony of the short story “Bholi”.
Ans: The short story “Bholi”,is full of irony.The small girl ,born in Ramlal’s family remains a backward child due to an accident.She does also contract small pox.Thus when she should expect more care from parents,she is treated otherwise.Out of four daughters,Bholi alone is discriminated.New clothes are never made for Bholi.The worn out dresses of   her elder sisters are passed on to her .None of the parents care to mend or wash her clothes.The village has a unique tradition that if girls are sent to schools none will marry them.Bholi is sent to the school simply because her parents know that she will never be married.
When Bholi becomes a little mature, her father finds a marriage proposal from an old man named Bishamber Nath. The greedy father accepts the proposal without caring for the consent of Bholi.The old man,Bishamber, at the marriage ceremony, corners the father of the bride in the name of dowry and creates a drama much to the disgrace of Bholi.Thus the indifference from a father towards his own daughter destroys the happiness of his own daughter which is very ironical.

Q: How did Rama Rao alternate between hope and despair?
Ans: When the gramophone company of which Rama Rao was the Malgudi agent, went out of existence, Rama Rao found himself in the streets .He soon applied for the refund of his security but there was hardly anyone at the other side to receive his application.Rama Rao tried hard to look for other jobs,but he could not get any.Rama Rao wished that his wife and children had less trust in him.One day he came across a journal which contained a cross word puzzles. It offered every week a first prize of four thousand rupees. He hoped to solve the puzzles and earn the prize every week.But it never happened.He got disappointed and came to the conclusion that his life was not worth living.He decided to lay himself on the railway track and kill himself.But none of the trains ran on this tract on that day.It lent him the perception that God wanted him to live .He returned home where he was told that his tenant desired to purchase the Extension Banglow for a good amount.Rama Rao was again renewed with hope and asked his wife when the tenants would pay the cash he would only need Rs 500 as fare charges to Madras.He will go to Madras and find a lasting job there. Thus Rama Rao’s life alternated between hope and despair.

Q.Keeping in view the theme of the story “Out Of Business”, do you think that short cut methods should be followed in life ? Why?
Ans: the theme of the story has fully justified how shortcut methods ruin a person and deprive him of his confidence. Before resorting to short cut methods ,Rama Rao was searching for a disciplined job. Had he not been allured by short cut methods ,he might have got some suitable job. The short cut methods motivated him to stay idle ,wait for unexpected gains, and build castles in the air. He was utter failure in this gamble .Short cut methods may sometimes give success but it is never lasting one. If we work and put in sustained efforts, we are sure to win and feel satisfied. Dedication towards hard work and honesty give us strength .Hardworking people never fail to get their share of good luck .The luck always come to their side. Short cut methods are often fraudulent, insecure and a complete gamble. Hence short cut methods must be invariably avoided.
Q:Discuss climax, anti-climax, and major themes of the story “The Servant”.
Ans: Climax : The story has Gerasim in its lead role .This young man had been with out work for weeks.It was what a friend from his village did for him to secure a job that brought about the climax of the story. In order to secure a place for Gerasim,The coachman poisoned the ears of his master against an old employee. The master knew that the oldman had all the merits of a good worker, yet he could not help falling to the eloquence of his coachman and he decided to take Gerasim at the old man’s place. Gerasim was now very happy to have finally a job for himself. He went to have a glimpse of his future home which he was to stay in form the day he was supposed to join.
Anti-Climax : When Gerasim went to have a glimpse of his future home, he heard an old   couple from inside the same house weeping and moaning for losing their onlysource of living to the coachman’s friend. He heard them complaining how the coachman poisoned the ears of his master for securing the position for his friend.The unfortunate couple was now left with no option other than begging for their survival.Gerasim felt guilty conscious and decided not to take the position.Thus the anti-climax is reached in the story when the Youngman did choose to be workless rather than to steal the old man’s position.
Major Themes: The story has at least two major themes. One,how unworthy a man feels of himself when he is without work.Gerasim had almost descended to snatching the bread of the old man when he could not find a job otherwise.
The second theme is that human conscience must lead the man in his daily course of life. When Gerasim was awakened by his inner voice, he could realize how sinful it was to snatch some body else’s position to satisfy his own need.
Q. What is irony? Bring out the elements of irony in the story,” The Servant”.
Ans: Irony is the figure of speech which consists of a statement that appears to be praise but is really a condemnation. In general sense ,irony of a situation could be when honest efforts are left unrecognized while as dishonesty is acclaimed as a merit.
The story “ The Servant” Produces much of irony when the coachman flatters his master for keeping himself in his good books.He keeps on gratifying his loyalty for his master. He reveals his master every thing that he notices in other servants, and poisons his ears against them.The master did never cast any doubt in him and he would ,instead, value his efforts.This way the hard working servants would go unnoticed while as the glib tongued coachman made merry.
Irony in the story is again created when the same coachman leveled many charges against the old servant .The master yielded quite comfortably and replaced the old man from his job.
Q.What did Gortsby imagine about the people who visited the HydePark?
Ans: Gortsby imagined that the people who visited the Hyde Park by the dusk were necessarily the people who had fought and lost .Dusk, to his mind ,was the hour of the defeated .Gortsby thought that such people wanted to hide their fallen fortunes and dead hoped as far as possible from the scrutiny of the curious. Such people did come forth in that hour of gloom when their shabby clothes, and bowed shoulders might pass unnoticed. Gortsby justified that the wanderers in the dusk did not need to have strange looks fastened to them. Therefore they came out in that bat fashion.

Speech on –“Evils Of Dowry” By: Tariq Ahmad Malik(BHS chountiwari)
Worthy headmaster BHS Chountiwari Machel, Respected teachers, dear brothers and sisters- Asalaam alikum. Today I am going to deliver a short speech on the topic “Evils Of Dowry”
Listeners: Dowry is such an evil that has eroded the fabric of Indian society to its core. Due to this menace the girls from poor families alone are compelled to suffer the burns. Their parents fail to amass the wealth to be passed over to the grooms. In many cases girls from this section of the society remain unmarried for the whole life.

Liteners: Sometimes ,owing to the social pressure, some grooms remain from staking the claim for dowry, and bring home the brides with out it. Such grooms ,soon after the wedding, start their high handedness, and pressurize their spouses to bring dowry.Such girls are brutally tortured, and in many cases compelled to commit suicide.

Listeners: In the country where people perform the puja of Durga, Sita ,Radha and Yashuda,but they don’t shy away from burning alive the daughters of the poor families in the name of dowry.

Listeners: among scores of the evils prevalent in India, murder in the name of dowry is the worst. And it is the youth who have kept a price tag on their heads.The biggest irony of Indian society is that the student in IAS exam writes a thought provoking essay on the topic “ Evils Of Dowry”, qualifies the exam, and becomes IAS officer, and when he is to be married ,he demands the dowry of one crore rupees.

Listeners: It is the youth of this country who has to change himself for the good of the society. Youth need to come forward and set precedence by performing simple marriages. They have to float the message that how sheer injustice it is to demand from a father both his beloved daughter as well as property. Can’t the education given to the daughters suffice for their dowry. So,dear listeners, Lets unite to make the society groom on moral values. The law enforcing agencies have also a dominant role to play in this direction. Lets hope our society awakens to the seriousness of this menace. (thanks).

………………………………………………………………………………………………Speech on “ Disadvantages of Mobile Phone for Students” By: Tariq Ahmad Malik(Master BHS Chountiwari Machel)

Worthy headmaster BHS Chountiwari Machel, Respected teachers, dear brothers and sisters- Asalaam alikum. Today I am going to deliver a short speech on the topic-“ Disadvantages of Mobile Phone for Students ”

Listeners: Every scientific invention is a boon for mankind provided it is kept in safe hands. Mobile phone is no exception to it. Students can use this great invention for their benefit, but they make its use to shatter their whole preference list.While at schools ,students are expected to ensure the progress in their health, career , and character simultaneously. This progress can only be expected when students hold dear books, teachers, and libraries. Alas! Today’s students are allured towards other things which bar them from keeping close to their ambition.

Listeners: Once the students make room in their bags for mobile phones, all the equations are shattered .Instead of keeping on books, and pondering for comprehension, students keep on pondering how to write comments on whatsup, how to update status on face book, which photo to upload, and which friends to tag in their status. When this is the reality on ground, where from the students may find time to complete homework, compile assignments, and solve mathematical calculations.

Listeners: How can the students safeguard their character when they line up their emotions for caressing trash stuff? How come their career be bright when they often postpone their studies, and while away time on mobile phones? There is no denying of the fact that mobile phone has a bright side also, but student community never mind looking that side.

Listeners: Studies have shown that excessive use of mobile phone expose the users to the deadly radiations prone to causing cancers. Thus the student community must wakeup to this reality by having self retrospection. They must say a flat “NO” to mobile culture .Doing this will be the sole antidote for the safety of their health, career, and character. (thanks).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Speech on –“ Environmental pollution” By: Tariq Ahmad Malik(BHS chountiwari)
Worthy headmaster BHS Chountiwari Machel, Respected teachers, dear brothers and sisters- Asalaam alikum. Today I am going to deliver a short speech on the topic “Environmental pollution ”

Listeners: Cleanliness is next to godliness while as pollution is a terrible enemy to mankind.Man has been, from the very beginning, using food, water and air for his survival. These things do support life invariably, provided they are hygienic. Today we find most of our water bodies polluted. We dread to breathe air and fear to eat fruits, vegetable, and sea products. Who has changed the composition of these life supporting materials? The answer is very much known to us.

Listeners: It is our unfailing greed for fortune making that has made this planet hazardous. If the water of our water bodies is virtually poison whom should you blame? Is it the barbaric animals like lions, bears and pythons who have ravaged our water reservoirs . No, it is but the civilized man of the present day who works constantly for the destruction of this planet. It must not be a surprise if World War 3rd is waged in the name of water because we have polluted it to the core.

Listeners: Today’s civilized man feels no shame while throwing both industrial refuse and house refuse in water bodies. Today’s civilized man has no regrets while allowing his industries, factories, and vehicles emit poisonous smoke and pollute the air. He has no regrets to dump plastic products in corn fields. He has no regrets that ozone layers is depleted by his efforts. He has no regrets that concentration of carbon compounds in on the rise .He, instead of this, keeps on eroding the forests from the planet.

Listeners: Man has, because of his economic prospects encouraged global warming, caused acid rains, depleted ozone layer. He alone is the cause of destruction of this planet and alone has to explore the remedy. So, listeners ,lets unite and work for making our environment pollution free by treating industrial refuse scientifically. Lets plant more and more trees. Lets unite in the name of making this earth a safer planet.(thanks).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Letter to the editor highlighting the menace of frequent traffic jams in Srinagar.

3rd .Rajbagh Srinagar
Pin:190006

08/08/2015

The Editor
Greater Kashmir
Srinagar

Sir,

I want to bring to your notice the problems created by frequent traffic jams in the interiors of Srinagar city. Except in the early ears of the morning, all the interiors routes of Srinagar city witness heavy traffic jams lasting for hours together.
Sir, the students, owing to these traffic jams, fail to be in time to their schools and colleges. Many times patients die in the way to the hospitals because of this traffic mess. The employees can’t make it on time to their offices and the laborers fail to report their work places.
Sir, I want your newspaper, impress upon the authorities to deploy traffic police on all the city routes, and prepare a clear route map for streamlining the traffic. They may allow the vehicles to use different routes for ferrying the passengers’.

Sir, we shall feel highly obliged if this inconvenience to the general public is highlighted through the esteemed columns of your paper, so that the concerned authorities are awakened to the seriousness of the situation.

Yours truly
Shabir Ahmad
BHS Rajbagh
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Model assignment for Class 10th students
Important words from the book and their meaning:
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
Plunge in
go straight to the topic
podium
Dais
pledge
A serious promise
Kept back
not promoted;
bedeck
Decorate
prowess
Great skill
move up
go to the next grade
Outlaw
Rebel
nakhra
Some one’s style
Ramble on
Speak or write without focus
emancipation
freedom
dwell
live
Get along with
Have a good relationship with
profound
Deep
wailing
Cry of pain
Calm down
Remain quiet
procure
Acquire
pleas
Emotional requests
Stay in
Stay indoors
lamentation
A passionate expression of grief
sloth
Unwillingness
Make up for
Compensate
lucid
Clear
infirmity
Weakness
Hand in
Give an assignment
jocularity
amusing
zest
Enthusiasm

Wither
Fade away
trials
Tough tests
desert
Abandon
Full of sleep
Approaching death
Nodding by the fire
Sitting by the fire side
Moments of glade grace
The time of youth
Pilgrim soul
Pure heart
Glowing bars
A fire place
Murmur
Speak softly
Sealed
Closed
Upright
Straight
Skirting
Dodging
Fetter
Shackles for the feet
Doze
Sleep lightly
Ashen
Pale
Corpse
Dead body
Spilling
Flowing
Wan
Colourless
Beckons
Calls
Subtle
Noticeable
Reigns
Rules
Seeping
Ooze out
Trickle
To move slowly
Grog
Strong alcohol
Gobble
To eat food too fast
Fluster
Upset and confused
Tugged
Pulled
Urge
Push
Three score
Sixty
Anuss
Wrongly
It is my aunt
I don’t care
Devour
Eat
Spiteful
With a feeling of anger
Vexation
Worry or annoyance
Wraps
Coverings
Cab
Taxi
Usurers
Money lenders

Extracts from poetry:
Read the extract from poetry and fill in the blanks:
Specimen.1
Driving from parent’s home to Cochin last Friday morning
I saw my mother, beside me,
Doze, open mouthed, her face ashen like that
Of a corpse and realized with pain
That she was as old as she looked but soon
Put that thought away and looked out
                                                                             Summary
The poet says that she was………….to cochin last Friday along with her ………. She noticed her mother……., open mouthed besides her .Her mother was pale like a……….Her looks grieved the poet . She tried to …….the scene by ……..out of the window.
Ans: driving, mother,   dozing,   corpse,   put away,   looking.
Specimen.2
And bending down besides glowing bars
Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled
And paced upon the mountains overhead
And his face amid a crowd of stars
                                                     Summary
The poet visualizes a time when his beloved will grow………..,and he will be no more in the world. Then his poems will remind his beloved of his true …………She will sit by the side of the hearth, and feel sad for the ………whose love she had not ………She will feel sad over the fate of the dead ……….. .The poet says that his soul will fly high above the ………and hide itself behind the stars.
Ans:    Old,   love,   poet,   recognized,   lover,   mountains.
Specimen.3
Lord! You are my hope and trust,
Lead me to the way of truth;
How long shall I dwell in ignorance!
Pour me the nectar of knowledge
Lend ear to my wailing and pleas’
Cure me of Ills and pains:
Be kind each moment to me;
Let me never feel in want
Questions:
1.Who is the speaker in these lines, and whom dos he pray to?
Ans.The speaker in these lines is the poet himself. He prays to his Lord.
@. Explain: ‘pour me the nectar of knowledge’.
Ans. The poet is depressed for being dwelling in ignorance for a pretty long time. He implores his Lord for the nectar of knowledge.
The nectar of knowledge includes wisdom, intelligence, farsightedness and love for humanity.
Q.3. What do the following words mean- Dwell,    wailing.
Ans. Dwell= to live          Wailing=long loud cries of pain.
Specimen.2
My feet are cold with water seeping through my shoes
My eyes are heavy with sleep, or is it fever?
The ground is very slippery, there is no place to stand.
The mind is exhausted ,looks for some spot to rest.
Qno.1. What has made speaker’s feet cold?
Ans.The speaker’s feet has been made cold by the water which is seeping through his shoes.
Qno.2. What does his mind look for?
Ans,His mind looks for some spot to rest.
Qno.3. What do the following words mean?
(1)Seeping   (2) Exhausted
Ans. Seeping= oozing,     Exhausted=tired
Uestion.1.3. Read the following passage and answer the questions given in the end-
The arrival of a stranger at a village Inn in winter was in any case an unusual event .A stranger of such uncommon appearance set all tongues wagging. Mrs Hall, the landlord’s wife, made every effort to be friendly, but Griffen had no desire to talk, and told her, ”my reason for coming to Iping is a desire for solitude. I do not wish to be disturbed in my work .Besides an accident has affected my face”.
Questions.
1,Write down the antonyms of the following words-
Arrival, unusual, friendly, strange,
Ans. Arrival---Departure,   Unusual---usual,    Friendly---hostile,   strange---familiar.
2. Fill in the blanks:
1).The stranger had come to the village Inn in………. when nobody ever came there.
2). Griffen had no ……… to talk.
3).The stranger became the point of discussion among the people because of his ……….
4).About his face, he said that it was affected in ………..
Ans. Winter, desire,   uncommon appearance,    accident.
Qno.3.5. Specimen.
Q. Who is the speaker in the poem ‘Last Lesson of The Afternoon”? Why is the speaker disheartened and passive?
Ans. The speaker in the poem is a teacher. He is disheartened and passive because despite his sincere efforts, and hard work he has failed to inspire his students. He thinks that his teaching and the pupils’ learning are both purposeless .He has utterly failed to haul them and urge them to learn.
Q.2.What childhood fears do you think the poet is referring to in the poem ‘ My mother at sixty-six’?
Ans.The childhood fears referred to in the poem keep on looming before the eyes of the poet. She doesn’t want to distance herself from her mother . She feels she will lose her forever. These fears would be there during her childhood when she would feel alone insecure in the absence of her mother. This ache of separation is quite familiar with the poet. She feels that her mother is fastly approaching her death. Though she bids her adieu with smile, yet she has persistent fears of losing her.
Q.3. What are the feeling expressed by Pablo Naruda in his poem ‘I Explain a few things’?
Ans.Pablo Naruda expresses the anguish that Spanish civil war bestows him. He laments the death of his bosom friends. He is all tears to see prosperity and beauty of Spain being devastated before his eyes. He explains how jackals, bandits, stones, and vipers flooded the streets with the blood of children. He explains that he can not write the poetry of sweet dreams and romance in the face of the reality that his mother land is burnt to ashes as if its possessions are unwanted rubbish.
Q.4. What sufferings do the animals undergo in the poem “snowdrop”?
Ans.Animals undergo tremendous sufferings in the poem “Snowdrop”. Due to the harsh winter , their horizons are reduced. The field mouse is in hibernation. The movements of Weasel and Crow have been restricted and they are almost immobile. Other animals in general are unable to scurry or fly in their right moods. Many animals are frozen dead on the frost and snow.
Q.5.How is the journey from youth to old age described in the poem ‘When You are old’?
Ans. The journey from youth to old age is described very artfully by the poet. He describes the youthful days of his beloved saying that when she was young, she had oft looks, beautiful face, black hair, bewitching eyes, and charmful body.Her glad grace had earned many lovers. She felt the warmth of love from every corner.
In her old age, however, she is gray and full of sleep. She nodes by the fire. She is charmless, energyless, and attractionless. She has no allurement for life. She has now no lovers, and no one to take care of her.
Q.6.Explain-“subject me not to the trials, shame not my human form”.
Ans.In this line the poet expresses his inability to survive the tests of his Lord.He knows his weaknesses and flaws. He is very meek and implores his Lord not to try his mettle of humanity , for he is sure to fail. This humility of the poet gratifies the power of the Lord visa-viz the helplessness of the man.
Question.4.1. Edit the following paragraph-
Solved: A old man was sitting on the bench            (An, a)
He wore a lose dress which was ragged                 (loose)
I went to him and asked how is he                        (he was)
He said that he is not feeling well                          .(was)
He said that he need some help to                    (needed)
Reach hospital. I feel pity for him                             (felt)
Suddenly their came an auto-rickshaw              (there)
I took him to hospital and get him admitted         (got).
B). She save money and enroll                    (saved, enrolled)
Herself in a course at                                         (for)
Uttarkashi Nehru Institute                         (---)
In Mountaineering instead of               (of)
Go back to home.                                       (going)
She went on expedition every year       (expeditions)
He climbing skill mature rapidly          (matured)
C).Chocolates lift up your mood          can lift
When you eat chocolate, a               Chocolates
chemical called serotonin released             is released
in brain making you feel good              the brain
According research ,chocolates may         according to
Also effective in relieving persistent          also be
Cough because soothe the throat           by soothing
Chocolates ,however, damage the teeth        can damage
Because of sugar content.                                     The sugar .
*For further practice study language work of “Bholi”
Question no.1,4.Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end.
Mr Keesing had a good laugh at my arguments, but when I proceeded to talk my way through the next lesson , he assigned me the second essay. This time, it was supposed to be on “An Incorrigible Chatter Box”. I handed it in, and Mr Keesing had nothing to complain about for two lessons. However during the third lesson he had finally had enough. “Anne Frank”, as punishment for talking in the class, write an essay entitled-‘Quack,Quack, Quack’.said Mistress Chatterbox.
Questions:   Write down the synonyms of the following –
A).Proceed,   assign,   supposed,    whole,
Ans. Proceed= Continue,      Assign=give,       supposed= presumed,    whole= full.
B).Fill in the blanks-
a) Mr Keesing had a good………at her assignments.
b) the second essay was entitled……………………
c) Mr Keesing did not complain for the next………..
d) Anne Frank was again punished for ……………and she had to write the essay ‘ Quack, Quack, Quack’, said Mistress Chatterbox.
Ans.   Laugh,    an incorrigible chatterbox,      two whole lessons,        talking in the class.
Questions: Answer these questions in about 100 words.
Q.1. How does Mr Bennit react to the plan designed by his wife?
Ans.Mr Bennit shows very cool response to the plan designed by his wife. Mrs.   Bennit tells him of her plans saying that an unmarried rich young man from North England has taken Netherfield Park. Mr. Bennit knows well that his wife is worried about her daughters marriage and wants one of her daughters be married to the young man, Mr Bingley. Mr Bennit wants to take his wife by surprise and, to this effect, he cuts jokes at every act of her curiosity. He suggests her to accompany her daughters to Mr Bingley’s home, and settle the things by herself. Whereas Mrs Bennit feels that the acquaintance developed by her husband can work better. But for the cold shoulder shown by her husband, Mrs Bennit feels vexed, and is relieved only when, in the end, Mr Bennit discloses that he has already paid a visit to Mr Bingley.
Q.2.Comment on the ironical ending of the short story- “Dusk”.
Ans.The short story “Dusk” has ,undoubtedly, an ironical ending. Gordsby ,in the beginning feels the air of cleverness by smelling that the Youngman was lying .He asks him to produce the soap if he is true. The young man fails to produce the soap and runs from the spot. Gordsby ,in his heart boasts of his intelligence. It is only a few minutes later that he finds a cake of soap under the bench. He feels shy of his previous attitude and runs in search of the youth. He finds him at a garage. He returns him the soap, and lends him some money. As he returns to the bench, Gordsby meets irony when an old man comes and searches for his lost soap near the bench. Thus Gordsby repents on his being over-clever as the soap belongs to the elderly man who had been sitting there before the arrival of the young man.
Q.3. What are the major themes of the short story “Abhiley”?
Ans. The major themes of the short story “Abhiley”:
The theme is the subject or topic .It is not necessarily the title. It simply expresses the specific phase of the general subject matter. The major themes of the story “Abhiley”, include –
1)the generation gap: It reflects how old people are unable to accommodate the social changes and new set-ups. The people of new generation try hard to make their old mother(Abhiley) round to their views but it is hard for Abhiley to go with the new social order.
2) Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the another theme of the story. Abhiley, being illiterate is unable to understand that the world is totally different from her backward village.
3)Indifference toward technology: Abhiley is very much averse to the new technology .She feels vomiting in the bus, dizziness in the cinema, and dreads the gun that it may explode by touching.
Q.4. Compare and contrast the characters of Gerasim and Coachman in the story-“ The Servant”.
Ans.Gerasim is a hardworking boy. He feels irksome to be idle. He dislikes the village life because there are no job opportunities for him. When he loses his job, he is compelled to stay with his relatives and friends. He feels it below his level to become burden on his people. He prefers to keeping hungry than going to his relatives. He is the man of principles. He visits the city to find some job. One of his country men promises him a favour. When he reaches to join his job ,he listens some old people lamenting for being deprived of their job.He realizes that he is going to steal their bread, and decides not to take the job. He lives to the call of his conscience, and spares himself from committing the dreadful sin.
The coach man, on the other hand, is a glib-tongued person. He is the countryman of Gerasim.He knows how to ingratiate his master and win his trust He has won the confidence of his master. The coachman promises Gerasim that he will help him acquire some job. He poisons his master’s ears against an old man saying he is energyless, and is unable to do his work properly.He tells his master how the old man cheated him in the past. He motivates his master with his skill of false play. His master, on his advice ,spares the old man from his work.The coachman has never any regrets for his false play. It is his way of life.He favours Gerasim with a job but doesn’t care of the old man who has no other source to live upon.Thus the character of coachman runs contrary to that of Gerasim.
Q.5.What is the theme of the play-“The Proposal”?
Ans.The theme of the play is the reflection of the tendencies of wealthy families to seek ties with other wealthy families in order to increase their estate. Encouraging marriages, to this effect, makes a good economic sense.The play has other sub themes as well.It is the reflection of attitude and behavior patterns. Every member ,in the play, loves his estates more than every thing else. The love of estates and possessions has made the members of these families quarrelsome. In their routine conversiations they boot of their estates,scold each other and descend to indecencies. The marriage proposal of Lomov finds least scopeamid the heated exchanges among Lomov,Chobokov, and Natalya.
Question. Chose the correct homonyms to fill the blanks-
1)The ……….of the school is the man of…………(principal* , principle**)
2)What………you? (ales   /ails*).
3)The teacher ………. Her to leave.   (aloud /allowed*).
4)I got a ………. In the train.   (birth /berth*).
5)Don’t ……….   Your decision.   (alter* /altar).
6) ……………….. before you speak. (thing /think*).
7) Ram is standing at the …………(gate* /gait).
8)……… makes the man perfect. (practice / practice*).
9)He walked through a ………. (lane*/ lain).
10) I ……. You to act upon his ……… .( advice** /advise*)
11)They spoke …. But were not ………. To enterthe hall. (allowed** / aloud*).
12) ………… out the towel please. (Wring* /ring ).
13) Don’t ………. Heart. Be brave. ( loose /lose*).
14) He was released on ……… . (bale /bail* ).
Question: Correct use of models.
Model Name
Use
Example
can
Ability to do some thing
I can speak English
can
Permission to do something
Can I go to meet Sajid?
can
Request
Can you wait a moment please?
can
Offer
I can lend you my book for two days.
can
Suggestion
Can we go to see the dentist on Sunday?
can
Possibility
It can get very hot in Srinagar.
Could
(past of can) ability to do something
I could speak English fluently during my college days,
Could
Permission to do something
Could I go to meet Sajid?
Could
Polite request
Could you help me, please.
Could
Polite question
Could you tell me which bus to catch for Budgam?
Could
Polite suggestion
Could we go to see the doctor on Sunday?
May
Possibility
It may today.

Permission to do something
May I go out ,Sir?

Polite suggestion
May I help you?
Might
Possilbility( less probable than “may”.
It might rain today.

Hesitant offer
Might I help you?
Must
Force, necessity
I must go to the super market today.

Possibility
You must be tired.

Advice , recommendation
You must hire a taxi to reach here in time.
Must not
Prohibition
You must not work on dad’s computer.
Need not
Not necessary
You need not go there today.
Ought not
Advice
You ought to obey your parents.

Obligation
You ought to attend the patient until his brother comes .
Shall
Instead of will in 1st person suggestion
Shall I carry your bag.
Should
Advice,
You should come in time

Obligation
You should switch the lights off.
Will
Wish, request,demandorder(less polite than would)
Will you please shut the door.

Prediction, assumption,
I think it will rain on Friday.

Promise
I will stop smoking.

Spontaneous decision
Can somebody drive me to the station – I will.

Habits
She is strange, she will sit for hours without talking.
Would
Wish, request (more polite than will)
Would you shut the door please.

Habits in the past
Sometimes he would bring me some flower.

Govt. Hr. Sec School Behrampora

NOTICE 20/6/2013
Blood Donation Camp

Red Cross Society J&K is holding a blood donation camp in the school campus on july 5, 2013. A team of doctors and paramedical persons will interact with the students and will show some visuals for awaring the students the need of blood donation. All the students are informed to attend the campus positively . students may also bring their parents to the camp.

Students sincerely
Aadil

Relatve clause:
We use relative clauses to give additional information abou something without starting another sentence.

How to form relative clauses.
Relative pronoun:
Use :
Example:
Who
Subject or object pronouns for people.
I told you about the woman who lives next door .
Which
Subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
Which
Referring to a whole sentence
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
Whose
Possession for people, animals, and things
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse.
Whom
Object pronoun for people especially for non defining relative clauses
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
That
Subject or object pronoun for people , animals and things in defining relative clauses ( who or which are also possible)
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

A Relative Clause – also called as adjective or adjectival clause – will meet three requirements .
First , it will contain a subject and verb.
Next , it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that or whom ]or a relative adverb [when where or why].
Finally it will function as an adjective , answering the questions what kind? How many? Or which one?

Join the pair of sentences using a relative clause.
I saw a girl she was singing.
Sol: I saw a girl who was singing.

A girl was highly praised. She saved a baby from drowning.
Sol: A girl who saved a baby from drowning was highly praised.

3 Government passed a law. The public didn’t accept it.
Sol: Government passed a law which the public didn’t accept.

4. She is the woman ……………….. child died.
Sol: She is the woman whose child died.
5. I know a man ………………… eats worms.
Sol: I know a man who eats worms.
6. The bus ……… goes to the airport runs every half an hour.
Sol:The bus which goes to the airport runs every half an hour.
7. Where is the cheese? It was in the fridge.
Sol: Where is the cheese that was in the fridge?
8. I don’t know the girl. She won singing competition.
Sol: I don’t know the girl who won singing competition.
9. She is the woman. Her son is an actor.
Sol: She is the woman whose son is an actor.

Q: Rearrange the following words to form meaningful sentences.
1. Cried/child/on/seeing/the/snake/the
Ans: The child cried on seeing the snake.
2. You/lost/?/sir/anything/have
Ans: Have you lost anything, sir?
3. Lawless/a/was/Griffin/scientist
Ans: Griffin was a lawless scientist.
4. Borrowed/Matilda/diamond/a/necklace/from/herfriend
Ans: Matilda borrowed a diamond necklace from her friend.
5. Nice/again/you/meet/it/is/to
Ans: Its nice to meet you again.
6. Well/not/is/my/feeling/mother
Ans: My mother is not feeling well.

Q: Use suitable articles to fill in the blanks.
a/an= Indefinite article (non-specific)
the= Definite Article
a/an= With singular countable noun.
A pen , an elephant

1. a+ singular noun beginning with a consonant.
A boy, a car, a bike, a zoo, a dog.
2. an+ singular noun beginning with a vowel
An elephant, an egg, an apple, an idiot
3. a+ singular noun beginning with a consonant sound.
A user (sounds like yoo-zer )

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